The Impact of Technology on Family Time

Title: the impact of technology on family time Do you think technology has changed the way of communication? Is technology slowly taking over people live and affecting their personal relationship? Have we become addicted to the technology that surrounds us everyday and it has sucked us into it? Technology is a use of scientific knowledge for improving the way to do things. It has been playing an important role in our life. It is common today, many developed countries are using high technology to run their works as well as many advance technologies are invented productively to the need of society.This can be seen, technology has become a part of our life in order to do our works more fast and accurate. As we know, every institution has it own machine which has replaced human physical to produce more output. Technology brings lots of benefits to people unfortunately it also brings negative effect impact to a family. In this essay, I would be discussing about how technology impacts on f amily. Firstly, let’s begin with how advanced technology has meant that family life has changed.This is meaning to say that parents and children have lesser interaction to each other because they used to do spend their time with technology like Laptop, PSP, games on the internet, TV and so on. It is because children no longer spend time playing and engaging in activities with their parents or siblings. For example, when we were young, we did not need any internet games to whereas we had our own game which is traditional games. It can actually build up a positive relationship between parents and children but these traditional games are slowly replaced by the current technology that can bring lots of fun.This example makes it clear that, advanced technology has replaced the traditional games which could create more interaction among family and friends. Unfortunately, children today are likely to play with technology instead of traditional games. â€Å"During the evening, when parents used to sit and talk together or amuse their children, they now sit in front of a computer. It would seem that technology may have helped family life to deteriorate† (Johnston 2010). It is obvious that, the impact of technology could deteriorate a family because they are addicted to the current technology.Secondly, technology is slowly changing the way we communicate with others and affecting our personal relationship. It has left us with the chance to meet people in a much easier ways. Most people, both children and adults spend quite a lot of time in texting friends and relatives, wasting money and using text- speak as a way to communicate. Take Facebook as example, making a friend is now on a finger click, to gain a new friend you simply click on â€Å" add as friend† and the other person accepts or denies you. We are in the next wave of technology, where communicating with parents or friends is all on the internet and instantly done. New social networking si tes are popping up everyday and people are taking advantage of them. You can see their away messages online and see what children are doing at that very instant. † (Gupta 2011) When looking at this example, there is no doubt that it has led us to our hypothesis. If a child is heavy users of social networking sites then it will have a negative impact on their personal relationships. Thus, parents and children seem to spend less time in each other’s company and the time they do spend together often involves playing computer games or watching television.Most children are not getting enough exercise in today’s society, generally because parents can’t be bothered to take their children to the park, while being afraid of letting their children play outside by themselves. For many parents, being able to get in contact with their children by phone isn’t enough. Children will therefore spend most of their time hidden away in their bedroom, watching DVDs or p laying computer games, while their parents sit around the house doing nothing particularly constructive with their time. Technology is supposed to make life easier and give people more free time, but it seems that technology has undermined family life, actually eating into people’s time and affecting family relationships in a negative way. † (Wilkinson 2011) In conclusion, technology brings many benefits to people today, without technology people can’t do work more productively and efficiency. However, it has negative impact to human either. Interaction between family and friends are getting lesser and lesser.Although there are also advantages to having so much technology at your fingertips families may want to weigh up pros and cons to make sure that they achieve an even balance between a quality family lives. In my opinion, I would use technology to go my works but I will not let technology to influence my family and friends’ relationship. 0104896 (Jonat han Kuek SzeGuan) Title: the impact of technology on family time Do you think technology has changed the way of communication? Is technology slowly taking over people live and affecting their personal relationship?Have we become addicted to the technology that surrounds us everyday and it has sucked us into it? Technology is a use of scientific knowledge for improving the way to do things. It has been playing an important role in our life. It is common today, many developed countries are using high technology to run their works as well as many advance technologies are invented productively to the need of society. This can be seen, technology has become a part of our life in order to do our works more fast and accurate. As we know, every institution has it own machine which has replaced human physical to produce more output.Technology brings lots of benefits to people unfortunately it also brings negative effect impact to a family. In this essay, I would be discussing about how techn ology impacts on family. Firstly, let’s begin with how advanced technology has meant that family life has changed. This is meaning to say that parents and children have lesser interaction to each other because they used to do spend their time with technology like Laptop, PSP, games on the internet, TV and so on. It is because children no longer spend time playing and engaging in activities with their parents or siblings.For example, when we were young, we did not need any internet games to whereas we had our own game which is traditional games. It can actually build up a positive relationship between parents and children but these traditional games are slowly replaced by the current technology that can bring lots of fun. This example makes it clear that, advanced technology has replaced the traditional games which could create more interaction among family and friends. Unfortunately, children today are likely to play with technology instead of traditional games. During the ev ening, when parents used to sit and talk together or amuse their children, they now sit in front of a computer. It would seem that technology may have helped family life to deteriorate† (Johnston 2010). It is obvious that, the impact of technology could deteriorate a family because they are addicted to the current technology. Secondly, technology is slowly changing the way we communicate with others and affecting our personal relationship. It has left us with the chance to meet people in a much easier ways.Most people, both children and adults spend quite a lot of time in texting friends and relatives, wasting money and using text- speak as a way to communicate. Take Facebook as example, making a friend is now on a finger click, to gain a new friend you simply click on â€Å" add as friend† and the other person accepts or denies you. We are in the next wave of technology, where communicating with parents or friends is all on the internet and instantly done. â€Å"New s ocial networking sites are popping up everyday and people are taking advantage of them. You can see their away messages online and see what children are doing at that very instant. (Gupta 2011) When looking at this example, there is no doubt that it has led us to our hypothesis. If a child is heavy users of social networking sites then it will have a negative impact on their personal relationships. Thus, parents and children seem to spend less time in each other’s company and the time they do spend together often involves playing computer games or watching television. Most children are not getting enough exercise in today’s society, generally because parents can’t be bothered to take their children to the park, while being afraid of letting their children play outside by themselves.For many parents, being able to get in contact with their children by phone isn’t enough. Children will therefore spend most of their time hidden away in their bedroom, watchin g DVDs or playing computer games, while their parents sit around the house doing nothing particularly constructive with their time. â€Å"Technology is supposed to make life easier and give people more free time, but it seems that technology has undermined family life, actually eating into people’s time and affecting family relationships in a negative way. † (Wilkinson 2011)In conclusion, technology brings many benefits to people today, without technology people can’t do work more productively and efficiency. However, it has negative impact to human either. Interaction between family and friends are getting lesser and lesser. Although there are also advantages to having so much technology at your fingertips families may want to weigh up pros and cons to make sure that they achieve an even balance between a quality family lives. In my opinion, I would use technology to go my works but I will not let technology to influence my family and friends’ relationsh ip.

Child family relationships in Praise Essay

The connection between family members is bond as strong as Titanium and flexible as elastic, in fact many different poets represent their thoughts and emotions through their poems. Here, we are bestowed with two poems that are an accolade to the parents of two poets, by Grace Nichols, and Stephen Spender, with their poems â€Å"Praise song for my mother† and â€Å"Childhood†. The two poems contain a heavily nostalgic tone throughout the poems, through the use of this I have established that the poet’s are attempting to communicate their memories through the poem’s. Spender, though he titled the Poem ‘My Parents’ has little obvious relation to the poem at face value other than the starting sentence of the first stanza † My parents kept me from children who were rough† where he almost has connotations of blaming them for separation from what they thought were ‘lesser’ citizens, he tends to refer to the childhood he lived as a young boy who was bullied on his way to and from school. However when one delves deeper into the poem and attempts to read between the lines the reader can pick up a tone of blame, a tone of resentment and a tinge of sorrow! It would seem as though Spender, through his writing, is revealing his resentment towards his parents for isolating him from his peers, sheltering him from the real world and being overprotective! Maybe even snobbish as the poem also hints at the child being of a higher ‘class’ than the â€Å"rough children†.  However in the poem Childhood the poet is not referring to his parents, but an Aunt of his own; it seems that Cornford is trying to portray the ignorance of his youth when he says in the opening line of the first stanza â€Å"I used to think that grown-up people† as â€Å"grown-up† is not a term used by one who is of middle age or in their teenage years. The poet doesn’t seem to have that close a relationship with his â€Å"great-aunt Etty† by the way he described the elderly throughout the poem prior â€Å"veins like small fat snakes† . The poem also shows how the boy matures in time, by the end of the poem the reader can recognise that the poet now fully understands the process of age with the quote † I knew that she was helplessly old. As I was helplessly young.† My Parents, once you dig deep shows both how the parenting of middle class children could often lead to bullying as they planted the insinuation that the lower class children where not respectable or real people in a sense of dignity. The poet shows this through animal imagery â€Å"ran in the street†, â€Å"feared more than tigers†, â€Å"they sprang out† and finally â€Å"Like dogs to bark at my world†. It also shows that the author deep in his heart admired these boys for their carelessness and meshing with the world around them rather than himself who avoids such things, this is shown by the quote † I longed to forgive them† (which could also relate to his parents) â€Å"but they never smiled:. Childhood is a lot more basic in it’s message, that being that the ignorance of youth often leads to their life being wasted on trivial things; what is quite surprising is how the author has used the flow of the poem to demonstrate the movement of time itself, by the time he has reached the end of the poem he had realised the facts of life, in that way he had matured from the childish ignorance that was portrayed in the initial stages of the poem. To state the obvious both poems have fewer similarities compared to other such poems, however both do relate to family and the young author or character attempting to get a grasp on the situation at hand whether it be why his parents are turning him into an apparent introvert to those at school which leads to bullying of him or the mystery of old age to a young child.

The Clown by Heinrich Boell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

The Clown by Heinrich Boell - Essay Example â€Å"The Clown† is a brilliant social mockery, an impassioned, tragic, highlighting love, spirituality, religion and politicis.The book also reflects criticism against catholic church. It is a grim post-war novel abounding in fatalism, doubt, sarcasm, melancholy, loss and survival. This novel is a biting critique not only of postwar German society, but of hypocrisy in general (religious, romantic, and otherwise). Boll captures magnificently the feeling of being down and out and rootless. It is set specifically in post World War II Germany and describes well what surely the feelings of many were. But the sense of loss, alienation, lack of love, religious doubt set forth in the book go much deeper than that. "I am a clown," says Hans. "I collect moments."2 Ostensibly intended by Boll as a simple definition of character, the statement offers considerable insight into Bolls philosophical perspective. Hans Schnier is the "Clown" of the novels title and invariably the spokesperson for Boll as the author. The Clown is a hugely life-like figure; his pain bleeds through the paper, his tears smear the words. He is an artist, destroyed by loss and betrayal, an artist who has reached the lowest point of his existence and now despairs in the knowledge of his own pathetic tragedy. The book is told first person by its hero, a clown, Hans Schneir. The "hero", a bedraggled clown, has lost everything - his job, his love Marie but not his honor. A moment of time is expanded by Boll to a whole evening of tragic and of memories of his childhood and his one-and-only love Marie. The life of Hans Schneir, a down-on-his-luck, melancholy, incisive clown could represent any human life after surviving and living the day-to-day economic and emotional traumas hatched by war and the idiocy of policy that brings it about. His thought center on his own spiritual and emotional poverty, on the loss of Marie, his ambivalence towards religion, and the attempted change among Germans

Logistics systems development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Logistics systems development - Research Paper Example It focuses on material handling, waste management, packaging and transport.† (Rodrigue, Comtois & Slack, 2009). Pollution has become a major issue of concern in regard to logistics, as logistics firms are opting for heavy goods vehicles, which emit airborne pollutants such as particulate matter and gaseous toxins. If nothing is done regarding this, Co2 emissions will rise to extreme levels. It is important that the issues of green logistics must be taken seriously and solutions must be sought. The biggest challenge that logistics systems are currently facing is the creation of a sustainable society with minimum negative impact on environment. This paper discusses the problems in the development of a green logistics system, giving a detailed description of the paradoxes in green logistics, while offering a ‘blueprint’ for the implementation of green logistics, concluding upon a recommended solution. Cost: Reduction of costs are perhaps the most important aspect of a logistics system from the perspective of a distributor, which may be implemented through the improvement in the packaging and efficient reduction of wastes. This will benefit the distributor as well as the consumer, but presents the problem that the environmental costs are often externalized. (Geroliminis & Daganzo, n. d). Time: The management of time mainly rests upon the integration of the supply chain, which can be most beneficial in physical distribution of products. Through integrated supply chains, it would also become more practical to provide flexibility in the system. However the paradox of this option would be that in the process of extending production, the number of retailing structures using energy options would have to be increased, resulting in increased production of emissions. Reliability: On-time distribution or reliable distribution of freight would greatly benefit the producer as it

Drugs and drug traffiking Annotated Bibliography

Drugs and drug traffiking - Annotated Bibliography Example According to Bean (2014), free trade is noted to continuously be getting recognition as a result of the increasing globalization, of note also is that drug trafficking is also gaining this recognition. The book by Collison has been penned to tackle a large number of issues surrounding the political, strategic and cultural effects that contemporary drug policing has managed to have. Collison presents a strong argument that the current approach to the enforcement of drug laws has for the most part failed to be effective. The role of cartels in drug trafficking cannot be overlooked. Collison (1995) will be used to provide an analysis of the Guadalajara cartel. Collison (1995) highlights the fact that although the Guadalajara cartel was disbanded in 1989 as a result of the arrest of Felix Guallardo who was its main leader, this cartel nevertheless remains as one of the most notable drug catels. In their book, Dorn & South (1990), present a number of different perspectives pertaining to the issue of trafficking and law enforcement. In writing the book, the authors were able to interview and obtain valuable first-hand information from traffickers, police informers, ex-traffickers and others. The work by Dorn & South (1990) will be used to demonstrate that the penalties that are normally attached to drug trafficking are often varied based on a number of wide ranging factors. Some of these factors include the nature of the drug, the amount and the circumstance in which one is found with the drug. In his article, Duke conducts a critical analysis of the failings and gains of the drug policy that is being enforced in the United Kingdom. He notes that although different countries tend to have different penalties for drug use and drug trafficking, most countries tend to have what is essentially a blanket on both the use and possession of narcotic drugs. This book will be used to demonstrate

Fundamentals of Decision Support Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fundamentals of Decision Support - Essay Example Some more problems arise which may be linked with increasing the size of the facility. Consequently the cost of operation of the facility will shoot creating another problem. Industry siting may be regulated the existing state regulations’ and local laws. ‘This imposes another problem due the technique of increasing the size of the facility in each region in order curb diseconomies of scale. (Watzlawik) Completion for raw materials by other companies which are related to plastic manufacturing company may also impose another threat. In this case growth of different facilities in different regions may be returded. (Michael, 2009) Technological change can also affect manufacturing and also the utilization of the plastic product hence affecting the growth of plastic manufacturing companies in different regions The increase in the size of the company or organisation leads to the overload of management team due to large scale operations which draw the attention of the managers all through. (Guttmann, Michael, & John). A larger number of employees are employed which requires maximum supervision to ensure smooth operation of the company. Managers should ensure that company resources and materials are not wasted. As a result of overworked management, minimal supervision and control of staff operation emerges leading to laxity of cost of production control. Scale enlargement of the facility in an region of the world could lead to decreased attention on customers individual taste .goods of the same quality are produced consequently as a result of large economies of scale. Fall in demand of the plastic product follows. Hired employees controls the operation of the large sized business in absenter of the owners There usually be loss of personal interaction between the employer and employees which can later lead to staffs strikes and lack outs .This

Strategic HRM Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic HRM Plan - Essay Example While it is a part of Roche Pharmaceutical’s strategic plan to recruit talent from within, the market imperative of getting the best diversified talent available to make itself innovative and competitive will compel the company to get talent from outside the company. In today’s globalized market, the criteria for getting the best talent is not only limited to competencies such as education background, skills and experiences of its human resource but also includes its diversity. Diversity is desired in a globalized market of which Roche Pharmaceutical operates because it provides the necessary perspective for the company to survive and thrive in market conditions whose cultural orientation differ from region to another. While diversity is a desirable quality in its workforce, it is not however devoid of issues. The heterogeneity of the background and orientation of a diversified workforce could not also bring conflict and could be disruptive when it is not managed carefully. Among the common cultural issues that diversity could bring in an organization are; c) Stereotypes – lumping together or generalizing judgment against people or group of people especially when its assumption is wrong. This is a hindrance against inclusiveness for it communicates subtle hostility against the people or group of people being stereotyped. These cultural issues however can be overcome by a deliberate intent of reducing prejudices and use of stereotype in the organisation. This can be further removed by constantly developing and improving the human resource that would eventually removed myopic perspectives that typecast people which are the root of prejudice. Cultural orientation as part of training and job rotation that would allow employees to widen their exposure about their job and their co-workers will also help to eventually remove the issues that are associated with a diversified workforce. A concrete diversity program that is

Smith v Firstbank Corp. Legal and Regulatory Issues Case Study

Smith v Firstbank Corp. Legal and Regulatory Issues - Case Study Example The plaintiffs held that the private bulk sale of the shares by the defendants was not reasonable. They also reasoned that if the sale was commercially reasonable, then, the way the sale was carried was not reasonable (Clarkson, Roger and Frank 592). They also argued that the defendant never sought multiple offers or even the best price for the stock. Rules(s) The provision for the disposition of collateral in a commercially reasonable manner is to provide protection to the owner of the property under disposition. It is meant to ensure minimization of losses in the disposition. As a factor, price alone is not enough to prove reasonableness. Other factors such as the circumstances that surround other such sales and the effects of the use of other methods of sale would also affect commercial reasonableness of such a sale (Clarkson, Roger and Frank 592). Application The court considered several factors; †¢ Circumstances surrounding previous similar sale of shares necessitated the defendant’s choice †¢ The defendant sought multiple offers as evidenced by the e-mail to Oberon Securities †¢ The defendant sought the best price as indicated by the different in stock prices between the two sales (Clarkson, Roger and Frank 593). Conclusion The plaintiffs’ appeal against the summary judgment could not hold as the court determined that the defendant carried out the disposition in a commercially reasonable manner.

Free Will and Determinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Free Will and Determinism - Essay Example Determinists refuse the idea that any of these options are freely elected. They also claim that a man is not a segregated towards the nature's rule because he and his choices are nothing but more than the result of his surroundings. They frequently claim that the decisions are merely a product of disagreeing environmental authorities. An appropriate understanding of the nature of volition can resolve the obvious divergence between free will and causality. Secondly, it rejects the position that a man is just a result of his surroundings. Determinists argue that the nature of the life is such that it is ruled by certain universal scientific rules, so that each action is rooted by a particular previous cause. They claim that the human intelligence is also governed by these set of laws so that no substitute course of action is probable to humans other than the exact and distinctive set of past factors that caused that human action to be made. Therefore, human alternatives are not free as they are determined in front of time by whatsoever social, environmental, genetic, biological etc reasons caused such choices to be made. As a result, men cannot be held ethically accountable for their actions as they have no more control over the underlying series of events in reality than anybody else. (Bank, W. P., & Pockett, S., 2007). The determinist would stat... To the determinist, free will would not be potential under any circumstance. Especially, if it was caused by previous causes, all choice would pursue the severe rules of causation and if it was self-governing due to any previous causes. On the other hand, free will is free in the sense that the human intelligence has the capability to think about several decisions at a time and choose particular results. In reality, only one choice and simply just one decision is actually made by the brain which permits no uncaused, truly accidental or causeless reasons to enter the procedure. Other than the perception of the person making a choice, multiple decisions are probable and multiple results are considered. However the phrase free will does not refer to either uncaused or accidental actions but to our capability to assess multiple routes of actions, believe in different conclusions and then choose the action which is most expected to leave the world in a more pleasing state than if a person had chosen a different action or nothing in any way. (Bargh, J. A., Gollweitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., & Troetshel, R., 2001). A more critical argument against free will is the judgment of a human intelligence to unresponsive matter, such as a car. In spite of everything, a man turns his key and the car either starts or not, depending on whether reality is such that the procedure of causation directs to an engine starting or to the battery being deceased. Correspondingly, the determinist will argue that the human intelligence will either make the precise or incorrect choices, depending on what former state it is in. However, a car and a human intelligence are basically dissimilar from each other.

Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18

Paper - Essay Example The methods proposed in this research apply a somewhat unique group of security technology primitives, involving system management primitives, monitoring, access control, authentication, data-aging protection, integrity checking, and encryption. These algorithms will be employed to develop the cyber security walls between cyber sites at critical infrastructures. This research concludes that the evidence-based model adequately sheds light on the ambiguity or insecurity in the user feedback to the CPS evaluation, and thus in the provisional risk assessments for the whole physical and cyber protection scheme. The actions required to improve the effectiveness and security of critical infrastructures are primarily in the model of defense against malevolent attacks. Critical infrastructure protection requires foreseeing measures that go above simple material protection of infrastructures or resources against attacks. Involving all concerned actors for the tasks of planning, regulating, and operating various infrastructures that provide essential services to different communities are an indispensable

Good Writing Essay Example for Free

Good Writing Essay You know it when you see it. It is not that hard to tell whether a piece of writing is good or bad, you just have to read it. And it is pretty important to be able to discern the difference, if you ask me. But things get more challenging if you have to explain why it is good. You might be called upon to write a report at school or you may fancy communicating your ideas online via a blog. And, of course, a well written CV with no spelling or grammatical mistakes is essential if you want a new job. Writing skills are an important part of communication and they have to be developed, since it is used in many areas of our daily life. Good writing allows you to communicate your message with clarity and ease to a far larger audience than through face-to-face or telephone conversations. If you want to write well†¦ read, read, and then read some more. Read good writing. Read bad writing. Learn to know the difference. Note for simplicity of style: noun, verb, object; noun, verb, object. It worked for Hemingway, who often said that his ultimate goal was to create the perfect sentence. Read some Hemingway, and not just his novels, but some of his early newspaper writing. Theres never been better news and feature writing, ever. When you read the works of these and other fine writers, notice the simplicity of their language and how they vary their sentence structure and length. Some sentences number two or three words; others run an entire paragraph. There are countless tips on writing well, but I leave you with this one: read first, then write. –Bill Reed Therefore, you need to take into account the next steps to produce good writing (in no particular order): 1. Clarity and focus: in good writing, everything makes sense and readers don’t get lost or have to reread passages to figure out what’s going on. Focused writing sticks with the plot or core idea without running off on too many tangents. 2. Organization: a well-organized piece of writing is not only clear, it’s presented in a way that is logical and aesthetically pleasing. You can tell non-linear stories or place your thesis at the end of an essay and get away with it as long as your scenes or ideas are well ordered. 3. Ideas and themes: is the topic of your paper relevant? Does your story come complete with themes? Can the reader visualize your poem? For a piece of writing to be considered well crafted, it has to contain clearly identifiable ideas and themes. 4. Voice: this is what sets you apart from all other writers. It’s your unique way of stringing words together, formulating ideas, and relating scenes or images to the reader. 5. Language (word choice): we writers can never underestimate or fail to appreciate our most valuable tools — words. Good writing includes smart word choices and well-crafted sentences. 6. Grammar and style: many writers would wish this one away, but for a piece of writing to be considered good (let alone great), it has to follow the rules of grammar (and break those rules only when there’s a good reason). Style is also important in ensuring that a piece of writing is clear and consistent. Make sure you keep a grammar book and style guide handy. 7. Credibility or believability: nothing says bad writing like getting the facts wrong or misrepresenting oneself. In fiction, the story must be believable (even if it’s impossible), and in nonfiction, accurate research can make or break a writer. 8. Thought-provoking or emotionally inspiring: perhaps the most important quality of good writing is how the reader responds to it. Does she come away with a fresh perspective and new ideas? Does he close the cover with tears in his eyes or a sense of victory? How readers react to your work will fully determine your success as a writer. 9. Sentence Fluency that is smooth and expressive: Fluent sentences are easy to understand and fun to read with expression. 10. Use transitional expressions to help readers understand where your message is going. Common transitional expressions include therefore, consequently, however, then, first, next, and although. To have a good writing not only is necessary to not make mistakes, but to follow some steps to enrich the work. And to achieve that, you need to have qualities in terms of patience and organization. In other words, a good writing is a complicated process that takes time. But if you follow the guidelines that are set out it will be easy and successful. For that reason, is very important to practice writing. [ 1 ]. Peha, Steve. Looking for Quality in Student Writing. Teaching That Makes Sense. 2003 . [ 2 ]. Writing Skills. SkillsYouNeed. 2012 . [ 3 ]. Reed, Bill. Developing Good Writing Skills. Academic Tips. 2008 . [ 4 ]. Donovan, Melissa. Eight Characteristics of Good Writing. Writing Forward. 2012 .

Describe an Experience That Influenced Your Career Choice. Essay Example for Free

Describe an Experience That Influenced Your Career Choice. Essay Having grown up in a country where the prevalence of the shadow economy is on par with the continual political problems due to the mismanagement by autocrats. Public administration has surrounded me for as long as I can remember. On graduating ,i went to possess insight into many issues such as the way people and businesses react to the development and management of government programs by public administrators. I had some practical experience working at a hospital in Nigeria with sometime spent in the accounting department, this enabled me gain a practical experience of how the laws/duties/decisions made by public administrators affects people/individuals in real life situations such as explaining why people in less developed countries are prepared to pay for healthcare with private hospitals rather than using the national institutions which usually have worse service and deplorable equipments mainly due to mismanagement, wrong fiscal policies and corruption. The issues of customer satisfaction and equity were studied first hand and when comparing with the UK system, one would only praise the NHS(National Health Service) for its equitable approach unlike many other countries were only those than can afford treatment get it. During my university years, I was a part of the committee through whom student members voiced their opinion in reviving the Osun State Student Association at Bowen university ,which had lost his finesse. I was appointed the Financial Secretary and was indeed a challenge, as we had to work hard as a team creating and implementing programs and reforms, managing and allocating our own time and finances to ensure success, I was also part of the team that assisted the students to get there bursary from the State Government, and trust me it wasn’t easy in the sense that we had to keep writing letters and going out of our way to ensure the students get paid because its part of their civil right. During my National Youth Service Corps(NYSC) as a member of the Sports Community Development Group. Having acquired the silver award after the torment of hiking over double figure mileage distances to raise funds for  the homeless children in Enugu State of Nigeria, it has enabled me to be more organized and helped me develop my ability to make quick, accurate and appropriate decisions in peril. Currently I am an accountant and a Guardian counselor in a primary and nursery school in Nigeria which goes by the name Macro Nursery and Primary school, I assist the younger generations in making right,responsibe,reputable and reasonable decisions in life. Leadership is also an important quality at succeeding in most areas, hence my appointment as one of the prefects in my secondary school has definitely helped me develop as a young adult. These duties are very rewarding and will be vital skills in preparing for life after public administration, studying this course in your university will enable me furthe

Assess the significance of Judith Butlers work

Assess the significance of Judith Butlers work The modern meaning of the word 'gender' emerged in the 1970s. Its original purpose was to draw a line between biological sex and how particular thoughts and behaviours could be defined as either 'feminine' or 'masculine' (Pilcher Whelehan, 2004). The reason for using the word 'gender' was to raise awareness of the exaggeration of biological differences between men and women. The popularity of this meaning for the word 'gender' resulted from the efforts of second wave feminism in the 1970s. This essay examines how second wave feminism attempted to construct a 'grand narrative' of women's oppression. It then examines Judith Butler's contribution to post-modern feminist theory through her performative theory of gender and how this fits into post-modern feminist debates. A product of second wave feminism, which began around 1970, was the attempt to place women within a 'grand narrative' history of their oppression. One of the seminal writers on this narrative was Simone de Beauvoir. Her work in describing how women had become 'the other' in her book The Second Sex (de Beauvoir, 1961) laid the foundations for what was to come in the second wave of feminism (Gamble, 2002). De Beauvoir argues that the way in which men think about women is only in relation to their fantasies, that they have no substance of their own. Unfortunately, for de Beauvoir, women have come to accept men's fantasies of womanhood as constituting their own conception of themselves. For de Beauvoir, it was for women to conceive of themselves in their own terms, to take back the power themselves. A criticism of de Beauvoir's approach was that it tended to blame women for their current condition (Gamble, 2002). The second wave feminists of the 1970s, however, such as Millet (1970), pointed to patriarchy as the root cause of women's oppression. It is patriarchy, so Millet argued, that has become a political institution, and from this flows all the other forms of women's oppression. Firestone (1970) also took a strong line against patriarchy, equating women's oppression to a caste or class system. Ideological support for patriarchy, in Firestone's view, has come from institutions such as the family, marriage along with romantic love. These ideas are referred to as constructing a 'grand narrative', a way of charting the history and development of particular ideas, in this case women's oppression (MacNay, 1997). One of the problems that much feminist thought has come up against in trying to provide a 'grand narrative' of women's oppression is that it is difficult to effectively give all women a common identity (Whelehan, 1995). If the very idea of gender flows from cultural origins, then it is only natural to conclude that gender has different meanings in different cultural contexts. How then can a common identity be posited? Other critics such as Richards (1982), examining second wave feminism from a liberal perspective, have seen it as a movement that has failed. Richards sees many of the feminist approaches as being extreme and unattractive, and not focussing, as she sees it, on rational debate. She criticises feminists for utilising 'eccentric' arguments which do not conform to the normative expectations of philosophical debate. Further, she criticises feminism for ignoring the obvious differences between men and women such as women's ability to have children and thereby presenting an unrealistic picture of utopian gender relations. Another vibrant stream of criticism against second wave feminism has been that it assumes that what is required is a reversal in the relative positions of men and women. In other words, if women can take the position of men in society then their oppression will finally be undone (Brooks, 1997). Instead, however, post-modernist forms of feminism have tended to criticise the placing of women and men in oppositional categories. Post-modernist writers, such as Judith Butler, Brooks argues, help the feminist debate move on from the grand narrative to the focussing on deconstruction and identity (Brooks, 1997). Judith Butler's work as a social theorist has been extremely influential. Some of the major themes of her work include important contributions to queer theory and her criticism of the way in which gender has been constructed (Clough, 2000). Her breakthrough work was Gender Trouble which strongly criticised existing feminist theory on gender such as the work of Firestone and Millet. Butler (1990) points out that feminist approaches have tended to emphasise the difference between gender and sex. In these perspectives sex is seen as a biological fact, while gender is a cultural construction. The problem for Butler is that this split has gone too far, such that it is not possible to analyse how the sexed body is constituted (Salih Butler, 2004). Rather than splitting gender and sex, then, Butler's work has actually collapsed one into the other (Fraser, 2002). Sandford (1999) explains that this is achieved by showing that gender actually produces sex. Butler (1990) asks whether it is possible to talk about the 'masculine' attributes of a man and then talk about their 'feminine' attributes and still be able to ascribe sensible meaning to the word 'gender'. Butler (1990) argues that when the idea of 'woman' and 'man' are dispensed with, it is more difficult to see how these gendered attributes can still be viable. Butler (1990) states that gender cannot necessarily be referred to in terms of these attributes, or as a noun, a thing of itself, but rather as a verb. In this sense Butler considers gender to be performative, to be an act which constitutes itself rather than flowing from some other source. The criticism aimed by Butler (1990) at feminist theory is precisely that it has argued there must be a source for actions. This means that gender cannot be 'performed' of itself; it must be performed by something. Butler (1990) provides an example in the relationship between sexual desire and gender. Freud's explanation that attraction comes from biological sex is considered by Butler. She argues that sexual attraction, rather than coming from sex, is a process that is learned over time, that is a performance we work on, not something flowing directly from biological sex. The political implications of this argument are vital, especially for homosexuality. Kirsch (2001) argues that some people in the queer movement have accepted the primacy of biology. This idea is related to essentialism which relies on factors such as the 'gay gene' to explain homosexuality. In contrast to this view, a constructionist approach concentrates on the ways in which society encourages certain types of behaviour through social norms. 'Men' and 'women', within Butler's theory, are no longer essentialist universal categories but rather free-floating categories which are socially produced. The norms to which Butler is referring are those which see the body as being directly related to the types of sexual desire and practices that are associated with it (Salih Butler, 2004). Sexual desires and practices which do not fit within this matrix are 'not allowed'. In order to understand how sexed bodies are produced, Butler uses Lacan's reading of Freud (Salih Butler, 2004). Lacan argues that it is through fantasy that the sexed body is created. Salih (2002) points out that it is Butler's use of Freud that is one of her most important achievements. Here, she analyses Freud's idea of the Oedipus complex. This is where the child is forced to give up its desire for its parents by the incest taboo. Butler reinterprets this by arguing that the child desires the parent of the same sex, but finds that this is taboo. Sex and gender identities are then formed from this taboo. Butler argues that everyone's gender identity is formed from this homosexual ta boo. Butler refers to the formation of gender identity in terms of melancholic identification (Salih, 2002). The place where this identification can be seen, according to Butler, is on the body in the form of gender and sex identities. While Butler's theory of performativity along with her work in post-modern feminist theory has been extremely influential, it has also provoked a fair degree of criticism. Benhabib (1995) has argued that the death of the subject, which is at the heart of Butler's thesis, leads to an incoherent picture. Benhabib (1995) points out that it is difficult to believe there is nothing behind the mask of gender, that agency appears completely absent. In a parallel argument to Benhabib, Kirsch (2001) makes the point that this negation of the subject has negative consequences for ideas of identity and collective action. A sense of collectivity, in particular, is often seen by those 'coming out' as providing support. In Butler's theory, however, there is only the focus on the individual. To Kirsch (2001) it seems that Butler's theory tends to reduce the ability of the wider community to provide support to the individual. A more generalised criticism of modern feminism, however it is labelled, is that there is a sense in which it is an exclusive club. Butler's ideas relating to the performativity of gender are only available to a certain restricted group in society: white, middle-class, intellectual (Whelehan, 1995). Each feminist sub-movement implicitly creates its own lists of what can be done, and what cannot. Women, therefore, can find it difficult to label themselves as feminists as there are now many apparent bars to entry and negative associations with it (Whelehan, 1995). Perhaps in this sense second wave feminism, as enunciated by Firestone and Millet, provided a vision with which it was easier to associate. In contrast, post-modern perspectives, a category in which Butler's work has been put, provide a much more complex and illusory analysis of gender; even, as some critics would have it, making it harder for those attempting to live outside society's norms. It has been argued that theories such as those put forward by Butler have lead to the need for a new type of feminism (Pilcher Whelehan, 2004). This is precisely because postmodernist thought has rejected the 'grand narratives' associated with second wave feminism. As a result, women may find it difficult to claim the identity 'woman' as its nature is so contested in postmodernist thought (Pilcher Whelehan, 2004). This is part of the problem that so-called 'post-feminism' has attempted to address. This leads to an attempt to answer the question: What gender am I? Viewed through the influence of Butler's theories, it is increasingly difficult to provide a clear answer. The two answers that are most 'natural', male or female suddenly become obsolete expressions which appear devoid of their previous meaning. With the 'subject' apparently removed from the equation, it is difficult to lay claim to any particular gender. Certainly Butler's theory does not imply that both men and women can travel without hindrance across the boundaries of gender, far from it. Naturally society's norms still apply and even transgressions are carried out in relation to the norms themselves. Ultimately, though, the question comes back to the problem of agency. If it is up to me to choose my gender, as I wish, then who is doing the choosing? When Butler even rejects the idea of there being an actor at all, all meaning fades from the question What gender am I? In conclusion, the second wave of feminism brought a grand narrative view of the history of women's oppression. It pointed to oppression as a political institution enforced through social mechanisms such as the family, marriage and economics. Critics of this approach, however, questioned whether it was possible to set women up in direct opposition to men. Judith Butler responded to the second wave view by collapsing the ideas of gender and sex into each other. Gender, she argues, is performed, and so the subject in feminist thought, was apparently destroyed. But, argued critics of Butler, these notions of gender appear to restrict the political power of feminism, to leave it toothless, without its subject. Attempting to answer the question What gender am I? when viewed in the light of Butler's theory, leads to a sense of confusion. I could be both, I could be either, I could be neither. Is this freedom, or is it just too free-form? References Benhabib, S. (1995). Subjectivity, historiography, and politics: Reflections on the feminism/postmodernism exchange. In: S. Benhabib, J. Butler, D. Cornell, N. Fraser (Eds.). Feminist contentions: A philosophical exchange. New York: Routledge. Brooks, A. (1997). Postfeminisms: Feminism, cultural theory, and cultural forms. Oxford: Routledge. Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Gender and the Subversion of Identity. Oxford: Routledge. Clough, P. T. (2000) Judith Butler. In: G. Ritzer (Ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Beauvoir, S. (1961). The Second Sex. Translated by HM Parshley. New York: Bantam. Firestone, S. (1970). The dialectic of sex: The case for feminist revolution. New York: William Morrow and Company. Fraser, M. (2002). What is the matter of feminist criticism? Economy and Society, 31(4), 606-625. Gamble, S. (2002). The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism. Oxford: Routledge. Kirsch, M. (2001). Queer theory and social change. London: Routledge. MacNay, L. (1997). Foucault and feminism: power, gender and the self. London: Polity Press. Millet, K. (1970). Sexual politics. London: Ballantine. Pilcher, J., Whelehan, I. (2004) Key concepts in gender studies. London: Sage. Richards, J. (1982). The sceptical feminist: a philosophical enquiry. London: Penguin. Salih, S. (2002). Routledge critical thinkers: Judith Butler. Oxford: Routledge. Salih, S., Butler, J. (2004). The Judith Butler reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Sandford, S. (1999) Contingent ontologies: sex, gender and â€Å"woman† in Simone de Beauvoir and Judith Butler. Radical Philosophy 97, 18–29. Whelehan, I. (1995). Modern feminist thought: from the second wave to post-feminism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Egans Law :: essays papers

Egans Law The purpose of Megans Law is to let the public know when a convicted sex offender is released into their community. Mr. Michael Chertoff, a former U.S. attorney has a curious question for our states corrections department. â€Å"How can members of the public be informed when dangerous predators have been released into their community, if the prosecutors, who are supposed to notify the public, have not been told either?† Mr. Chertoff did investigate this and found out that this isn’t just a small problem anymore. Take the Alves case for example. Raymond Alves, a convicted rapist was in jail for twenty-three years and was let out unannounced. Prosecutors were told days after the fact and were not ale to find him because he gave out false information about where he was living. Megans Law requires prosecutors to be notified thirty days or more ahead of time so they have sufficient time to file a challenge, or to see if he’s a threat to society. At a senate hearing, Jack Terhune, a corrections commissioner said he has not found any other case besides the Alves case where the prosecutors were not properly notified ahead of time. Meanwhile, they were getting a whole different story from Mr. Chertoff, who asked twenty one county prosecutors if they have been getting their proper Megans Law notifications on time. The prosecutors answer was between January 1, 1999 and March 1, 2000, they have received one hundred and fifty Megans Law notifications less than thirty days prior to an inmate being let out. More than ninety of those came less than seven days before the release or after. Chris Carden, a spokesperson for the corrections department made a comment that the numbers did not match up and said â€Å" that’s a far cry from saying there have been no other cases of improper notification. In the stir of the Alves mess, Mr. Terhune did take action and fired eight of his employees for errors, including two psychologists. Terhune is also making new rules like better training for all employees that come in so that this problem will not happen again. They also have a new web page up for the prosecutors to find out when any sex offenders are released in the area so that there is no question in anyone’s mind. In my opinion I believe in Megans Law 100%.

Bastille Day :: essays research papers fc

"Bastille Day, on the Fourteenth of July, is the French symbol of the end of the Monarchy and the beginning of the French Revolution" (www.hightowertrail.com). It is very much like Independence Day in the United States because it is a celebration of the beginning of a new form of government. There are several factors that led to the Revolution. King Louis XV and King Louis XVI both led extremely extravagant lives. They spent a lot of the government's money on luxuries even while the government had some financial problems. One of the government's main jobs back then was to protect their country from, and manage wars. In the Seven Years War against England, France spent large sums of money on the war effort but they still lost the war and had to give up their colonies in North America. Many French citizens regarded this loss as a major humiliation. The population was divided into three estates. The Third Estate, also known as the commoners was made up of the bourgeoisie, wage earners and the peasantry. They were the majority of the population. The Second Estate was for the nobility. The First Estate was composed of the clergy. The Upper Clergy were very wealthy and powerful and therefore they related to the First Estate. The Lower Clergy related more to the Lower Estates. "The first two states enjoyed privileges over the Third Estate. Although they were the richest, they were exempt from taxes. They were also the only members in society who could hold positions of importance such as Officers in the army" (www.members.aol.com). This caused great discontent within the Third Estate. In 18th Century the peasant population increased dramatically. This growth in population increased the demand for more land. Land was being divided into smaller and smaller sections to cope with this problem. Eventually some sections of land were not even enough for a peasant to support his own family. The wars in America left France in huge debt. To try and pay this debt the nobility increased taxes on the peasants, which further increased their resentment towards the nobility. Poor harvests in 1787 and 1788 led to a food shortage. The peasants could barely feed themselves let alone pay taxes. The peasants started to threaten violence if their situation wasn't improved. There was an increased competition from British textile manufacturers. This left many people without jobs, and a huge increase in unemployment. Bastille Day :: essays research papers fc "Bastille Day, on the Fourteenth of July, is the French symbol of the end of the Monarchy and the beginning of the French Revolution" (www.hightowertrail.com). It is very much like Independence Day in the United States because it is a celebration of the beginning of a new form of government. There are several factors that led to the Revolution. King Louis XV and King Louis XVI both led extremely extravagant lives. They spent a lot of the government's money on luxuries even while the government had some financial problems. One of the government's main jobs back then was to protect their country from, and manage wars. In the Seven Years War against England, France spent large sums of money on the war effort but they still lost the war and had to give up their colonies in North America. Many French citizens regarded this loss as a major humiliation. The population was divided into three estates. The Third Estate, also known as the commoners was made up of the bourgeoisie, wage earners and the peasantry. They were the majority of the population. The Second Estate was for the nobility. The First Estate was composed of the clergy. The Upper Clergy were very wealthy and powerful and therefore they related to the First Estate. The Lower Clergy related more to the Lower Estates. "The first two states enjoyed privileges over the Third Estate. Although they were the richest, they were exempt from taxes. They were also the only members in society who could hold positions of importance such as Officers in the army" (www.members.aol.com). This caused great discontent within the Third Estate. In 18th Century the peasant population increased dramatically. This growth in population increased the demand for more land. Land was being divided into smaller and smaller sections to cope with this problem. Eventually some sections of land were not even enough for a peasant to support his own family. The wars in America left France in huge debt. To try and pay this debt the nobility increased taxes on the peasants, which further increased their resentment towards the nobility. Poor harvests in 1787 and 1788 led to a food shortage. The peasants could barely feed themselves let alone pay taxes. The peasants started to threaten violence if their situation wasn't improved. There was an increased competition from British textile manufacturers. This left many people without jobs, and a huge increase in unemployment.

It’s Time to Stop Corporate Downsizing Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

It’s Time to Stop Corporate Downsizing Michael Moore is very opinionated. He can be very blunt and sarcastic, but he gets his point across. In his documentaries Roger and Me, Pets or Meat, the return to Flint and The Big One he is not speaking out for what someone has done to him, but for what they have done to the people of Flint, Michigan. In Roger and Me, Michael focuses on how Roger Smith, the CEO of General Motors (GM), closed his factory in Flint to open factories in Mexico. The closing of the plant left more than 30,000 people unemployed. Michael was determined to talk to Roger and get him to come to Flint to see what kind of effect his greed caused. In Pets or Meat, the return to Flint Michael returns to Flint to see that people are still struggling. One bright side though is Roger Smith’s pension has been cut by $100,000. In The Big One, Michael Moore has written a book titled, Down Size This, Random Threats From an Unarmed American. On his book tour he helps a bookstore establish a union and he gets Phil Knight, the CEO of Nike, to match his donation of $10,000 for the...

New Product Development and Nestle

INTRODUCTION Nestle is a company that is operating in food and beverage market. In the last decade nestle is a leading nutrition and health corporation that promise a safe and high quality product to its customers. The company illustrates a significant profit ratio and therefore nestle become a role model for those companies that want to be successful. As a result this report is illustrating why and how nestle have achieved a superior performance VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OPERATION First of all the company have a operation in all around the world which means that they achieve an economy of scale.Apart from this minor information in terms of product offering the company are currently developing a products that are requiring a similar tangible and intangible resources. As a result they are exchanging production equipment and workers between factories. So we can easily say that nestle are also achieving an economy of scope. In addition to this, capacity are being utilized by the department. Apart from those economic terms their labor are being highly trained and therefore they are highly specialized about what they are doing which also resulting in an another efficiency at the operational activities.Moreover the department are frequently adapting its latest technologies that is reducing labor input and increasing its automation and mechanism of operations. However nestle brand express a quality and safety products to its customers. So its clear that the company company are not reducing its cost by buying a low quality raw materials and this means that they have integrated differentiation and low cost leadership strategy. We can easily conclude that this department are producing output much more efficiently than its competitors. MARKETING AND SALESThe company is heavily investing on research and development. For instance according to resources they invest 1. 5 million on this department every year. For example they employ more than 3 500 people and those employees are h ighly motivated labors that is helping nestle to adapt its dynamic and fast changing environment. In other words labors have a huge contribution to nestle to provide a new products quickly to its market. For example the employees latest innovation is pleelable ice cream which is a product that has a rich creamy flavor of a regular ice cream.However it also contains a low fat in comparison to other brands . In addition to this the department have also invented a interesting flavors to this ice cream. Apart from this their research team have also found a actobacillas that contains a oriobitic agent which is improving human body’s immune system. As a result they are trying to inject actobacillas to their yogurt brand . employees also reported that actobillac is not changing the texture of yogurt. As a result those examples clearly illustrates that how well the company is adapting to its socio cultural environment.As tidd and bessant illustrates the importance of product innovati on by stating that(2009 p6)†new product development is an important capability because the environment is constantly changing. Shift in the socioeconomic field create opportunities and constraints . Legislation may open up new pathways or close down others for example, increasing the requirements for environmentally friendly products. Competitors may introduce new product which represent a major threat to existing market positions. In all these ways firms need the capability to respond through product innovation†.Apart from innovation capabilities the company employee are also illustrating an effective performance in the international market. For example they are spending three days with the people that are living in the country that the corporation are planning to make an investment for this reason they are understanding their purchasing habits and motivations and therefore they are developing a product that is appealing to its people. In addition to this employees are also monitoring how consumers consider their brands in other words they are investigating if consumers are recognizing the values that the corporation is trying to convey.So we can easily conclude that research department is one of the main factor that nestle is being successful in the market. INBOUND AND OUTBOUND LOGISTIC The most striking feature of inbound and outbound logistic are that the company does not use middle firm to its warehousing and distributing its products. Nestle international partner have their own distribution centre’s and warehouses in other words they are kind of integrated forwardly. In that way they are ensuring that all frozen products are remaining quality to its retailers.As a result of this the inbound and outbound chains are running efficiently and therefore its not increasing its cost. Apart from this nestle also provide a special equipment for some of its products to its retailers. For example all retailers have a special freezers for nestle ic e creams the reason that they are providing this equipment cause nestle want to also ensure that products are remaining quality and undamaged to its customers. So we can easily concluded that the corporation are really effective to keep products quality while transiting to its retailers and also to its customers.PROCEREMENT The corporation promises high quality product to its customers and therefore supplying a quality materials are important. They don’t use vertical integration strategy instead they have a long term perfect relationships with its suppliers. In other words supplier power is not strong which means that they are all time providing a high quality materials at a reasonable price. In addition this farmers whom are supplying raw materials to the company are being supported by nestle research department.The company researchers and scientists are working together with its suppliers. For example the department are helping farmers to implement their findings to the raw materials and as a result nestle is supplying all time quality products. Apart from increasing quality of raw materials nestle is also supporting sustainability in the supply of raw materials for example. The company has a more than 500 hundred agromist technical advisor and field technicians that are providing a assistance to its farmers.Above all the company has a power to acquire its suppliers and clearly it requires a significant investment which also increases the exist barriers of industry. However by being a close and excellent relationship with its farmers they are ensuring the quality of raw materials. HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT HRM employees are frequently measures the employees performance and this measurement is resulting in an rewards. In addition to this they are providing an effective training programs to its employees. As a result human resource department are being unsure that they are attracting top employees in the industry.For this reason they are adapting to new environment conditions and the firm innovating new products faster than its competitors. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Needless to say that nestle are using the latest technologies in all value chain activities. But most striking feature of the technological analysis is that nestle are using its latest technology in order to study and adapt to fast changing business environment. So we can easily conclude that they are investing and closely monitoring the technological and its wider environment frequently.NESTLE BUSINESS AND CORPORATE LEVEL STRATEGIES Clearly corporation’s general growth strategies are divided in to two categories which are concentrating on the existing industry and diversification. CONCENTRATION The company was being considered as a technology led corporation however changing social and cultural environment lead them to become a science driven nutrition health and wellness company. At the moment the market is dominated by extremely large companies so nestle can not drive out competition by using its aggressive promotional and pricing strategy.Instead they are using other market penetration strategies suchas effective advertising methods and special promotions. However the most striking feature of the strategy in the existing market is that innovation. For example they are frequently working on scientific innovations to make their current products more healthier and contains low fat. As it mentioned in value chain analysis tasty low fat ice cream is an perfect example about how company is concentrating on the existing industry by innovating its existing products.As a result of those kind of actions they are selling more things to same people but at the same time they also are targeting and attracting its new people. Apart from combining market development and product development strategy in the anosoff matrix tool European and American food industry are illustrates a strong threat of entry and there are a lot of substitute of products which is resulting in a strong buyer power. As a result nestle have perceived this market as a flat and highly competitive and therefore they are setting is sighs on new markets in order to enhance their profitability.In other words they are investing highly on emerging markets for example eastern Europe asia and latin America that have a perfect potential to improve their profit ratios with their current products. However the most striking feature of the nestle international strategy is that Nestle are entering those markets through the takeovers and joint venture. This means that they are benefiting from local managers knowledge about culture language pestel and business systems and this clearly resulting in a faster adaptation to its environmental change.Moreover they are also taking over the companies that they have a perfect background. According to resources the company is investigating the local companies carefully and they are picking the firm that have a perfect reputation in th at way the company is ensuring that it is not damaging the nestle image. So its clear that they are using locally sourced raw materials and this means that they are facilitating their factories in those nations that they are selling its products to its customers As a result they are aiming of creating a share value to its all stakeholders.The reason that they are creating a shared value for all shareholders that they are because The company found that creating a long term value for the countries in which they are marketing its products are helping them to making a more profit. So we can easily conclude that the company are highly concentrate on their existing products and in term of its international strategy nestle are using right way to be successful. RELATED DIVERSIFICATION Nestle have been increasing the variety in the distinctive products that they are offering.In other words they are using its related and unrelated diversification strategies. However the company is mainly usin g its related diversification. For instance. The company has a well known existing brands such as kitkat lion nesquick and nestea and as a result of this the company are using this existed well positioned brands in the other sectors. for example kitkat is a chocolate but last year nestle create a kitkat ice cream(or nestle creal and crealbars) and in that way they are not creating new brands in order to extent their products and this clearly creates many benefits.The most striking feature of the benefit is that nestle is achieving an incredible cost saving in terms of building a brand . In addition to this they are also operating within the existing operation capabilities which means that they are exploiting an economies of scope For example they are sharing technologies employees and even advertising campaigns between different businesses units. As bymike w. peng illustrates the benefits of related diversification by stated that(2009,p315)†firms benefit from declining unit co sts by leveraging product relatedness.The sources of operational synergy can be technologies(such as common platforms)marketing(such as common brands) and manufacturing(such as common logistics). As a result of this strategy clearly they are achieving a superior performance in the market because of the fact that related diversification strategy is considerably helping them to integrate its differentiation and low cost leadership strategy. Conclusion Above all nestle is operating in the highly competitive market.In addition to this other environmental factors are also changing fastly. However nestle is a company that is using its highest technology as well as employing top employees in the environment. For this reason they have a perfect ability to adapt to its environmental change. For example the company have an outstanding research and development department. Apart from this success criteria the corporation is also significantly reducing its cost by using its effective operational strategies and its related diversification.So we can easily conclude that nestle has achieved an superior performance because they have a perfect ability to innovate interms of its operation product service and its businesses processes as well as they have a right strategy in the international markets. ( e. q creating a share value and entry methods) REFERENCE LIST MANAGING INNOVATION JOE TIDD AND JOHN BESSANT 4TH EDITION JOHN WILER AND SONS,LTD Global strategic management mike w. peng second edition south western cengage learning

Assignment for Resort Management Essay

The find out beas requiring c e re every last(predicate)yplaceage go out be the pursualWhat f human activityors influenced Disney to hold and why, please establish thoroughly What were Disneys deliverership specialized advantages (what did they withstand to trade/what beas were they expert in?) What were Disneys maculationing ad hoc factors (the Where) why did they select France? Discuss and thoroughly pronounce and hash out using factors in the textbook What were Disneys world-wideization advantages (the how), how were they going to attain such(prenominal)(prenominal) a building complex hunt down to a atomic effect 63an culture and why? Assess the relationship amongst twain take upies (Disney & the cut political science), who holds the close to powerful position, discuss and evaluate What atomic bod 18 the multipliers marrows for France and Disney? Evaluate, analyze and comp argon evidenceNo impr all overal research is necessity for this assignm ent. All details ar include in the text given to you.Re dupe upd by per fly the coopion of illusion Wiley & Sons, LTD from Progress in tourism and Hospitality Research Vol. 3 No 1, 1997Disney stain mending genus genus outstanding of France a permanent frugal step-up treetop in the Francilian graceAnne- Marie dHauteserresurgical incision of Geography, Southern Connecticut State University, 501 crescent-shaped way, reinvigorated Haven CT06515 USADisney gain holiday resort capital of France was located in the Francilian comescape to make up the majuscule appeal of the Walt Disney companion. It has colonised there permanently, convey in part to the convention gestural by the fusion with the cut political relation who claimed an frugal egress pole in the easterly part of the capital of France Basin. Disney accepted the league and its constraints beca practise it had ambitious palpable landed e affirm nurture plans. The cut governing, with its raw townsfolks people insurance policy, was the and atomic bod 63an body politic that could extend such a liberal acreage which it used to lever Disneys presence.Keywords bang-up term of enlistments spic-and-span towns frugal harvest-feast pole embellish bringation in the public eye(predicate)/ hush-hush partnership IntroductionThe arriver of the joke landed estate in the Francilian1 landscape ignited a vituperative ex crusade break away by cut intellectuals who stood adamantly opposed to Ameri potful ethnical imperialism. It is the current (although sole(prenominal)) contrary motion redact judge by Disney confede proportionalityn. Why did this highly promoteed club, selling an Ameri croupe specific pagan increase that would non benefit from issue follow reduction, decide to internationalize?It surely would non reduce industry be as illustrated by the migration of atomic turn of events 63an gondola car factories to the unify States, ma n it would require study locution costs. Was the prospect of a widened europiuman tradeplace by thetime of the opening race of Disneyland vivify genus capital of France in April 1992 the chief(prenominal) incentive for international foray, and why? Was it conventional to act as an frugal ontogenesis pole, complementing the french states policy of urban evolution of the Eastern suburbs of genus capital of France?Large estimation position, like mega regular(a)ts, por hug drugd possible scotch development of the electron orbits they go under in. This refreshed(a) geographical landscape was produce non in tie(p) by unavowed neat, to be dismant eliminate at upper matters whim (Harvey, 1989), dear now by the synergic satisfy of rough(prenominal) different agents. This publisher lead instal how the continued stinting achiever of Disneyland reanimate genus genus genus genus Paris is non simply just the moment of its skill to create scratch by dint of with(predicate) its phthisis in a saucy local anesthetice, scarce semiotic wholey rationaliseed, and/or the go of the judicious choice of the localization of this heathenish capital go at the point of atomic number 63an advanceibility.Its supremacy is circumscribed by and dependent on the cut political relations development strategies and judicial structures. dandy has had to negotiate with government the public figure of its commodified landscape, the continued ecesis of which has in like manner been outlet to pressure by its strength customers. The overlap of these agents batten downs that Disneyland revivify Paris leave al i tarry insert in Marne-la-Vallee in br from each(prenominal) integrity of all the difficulties it has faced until now such as pecuniary restructuring in litigate 1994.The idea testament rootage discuss how different approaches to sparingal globalization explain the Disney play a bulkys move to internationalize and how the choice of the range was ground much than on tralatitiously geographic reasons such as accessibility and avail magnate of land. It depart then demonstrate how the follows stilbestroligns to ensure continued result in the far future could to a greater extentover be accommodated by France with its invigorated Town development strategy.This allowed the state to impose constraints on this head-to-head venture to ensure that it would retain a permanent part of the Francilian landscape whose saucily design the participation had to negotiate. The paper will then show how Disneyland recede Paris is non the white elephant that the cut government was accused of subsidizing hardly will continue to act as a major(ip) economic ripening pole.Causes of Disney companions move to internationalizeThe circuits of capital approach empha coat the totally matching nature of finance, end yield, commodity trade and inhalation. capitalism is a process of re art of compla isant life with commodity production. The laws of capital circulation be consistent (Harvey, 1989343). The primary indispensable of a capitalist delivery is a continuous circulation of capital. Jean-Paul Sartre had noticed already in 1945 that over and above greed, a h geniusst-to-god economic principle motivates Ameri enkindlefuls Money is vatical to circulate (Combat). As capital circulates it is transferred from one investiture to anformer(a). It follows still one cardinal grosbeak rule harbor be increased. ambition has let castrate magnitudely global.Disney caller-up, like all TNCs, is essentially a capitalist opening driven by profit. The odd intimacy about post-modern ethnic production is how overmuch sheer profit seeking is antigenic determinant in the first instance (Harvey, 1989336). The vapidness of fantasy in ocular wasting disease is inseparable from centralized structures of economic power. Disneyland quicken Paris is a private instrumental q uadruplet de subscribe for the efficient circulation of commodities, which is itself a commodity produced for profit. ethnical capital may re set out an infinitely much than consumable resource for capital accrual than traditional enthronisation capital, some(prenominal)(prenominal) for private companies and for governments.Cultural capital is considered here as a form of economic capital invested in the production of culture, rather than a typic capital, a persons or groups association. These circuits of capital ar not abstract notions they argon anchored in dummy where they create geographical landscapes. The beau monde and its imagineers overhear been pushed by investors to create to a coarseer extent and more circuits.The Bass br opposites controlled n untimely 25% of equity and so signalised Michael Eisner as the unseasoned connection chairman in 1984, following early(a) hostile takeover attempts, because the comp whatever was not exploiting its full proba ble to create more circuits of capital (Wallace, 1985 Taylor, 1987). The company, in 1984, was already a powerful stake name with yearbook r tear downues of $1B. Disneys profits had so bed to $783M in 1989 and its r unconstipatedues had reached$8.5B in 1991 thank to a very victoryful write up common in Japan, through enlarging the Orlando stadium and through early(a) ventures.Its tonic runors cute to capture more of the sur summation value the name generated by entering the real estate business. They wanted to collect more than just royalties, as in Japan, to control more hotel development (they own only a small portion in Orlando), and to draw in more potential drop customers. They atomic number 18 banking on Eurodisney as the hint engine of Disneys growth in the 90s(Business Week, 1990). Disneyland repeat Paris was considered a major investment funds potential by 1984 because of the worldwide shift in capitalism from an emphasis on production to consumption.The o rganization of consumption has just as consequential an effect on economic and hearty structure as the organization of production (Lash, 1993 Zukin, 1991). Shopping, consuming is the or so key contemporary cordial activity on mating America (Levine, 1990 Williamson, 1986). The consumption landscape git be viewed as a by-product of the changes in the distri furtherion of income in the constant struggle of labor and capital over economic surplus. Consumption is alike emphasizingd inside the position. The Magic kingdoms re give ways a fantasy landscape make uped tightfittingly an merely fictive nexus based on highly selective memory and negociate by mass consumption.In the join States .the Disney landscape has become a mock up for establishing both the economic value of ethnic goods and the heathenish value of consumer products (Zukin, 1991 231) and has legitimized investment in them. In the over crowded foodstuff place (even or oddly that of story third estates see Figure 2) resource has become increasingly small as a way of attracting particular publics and facilitating acts of consumption.The end to internationalize is a major strategical decision. Disney was looking for economies of scope and co-ordination (Dicken, 1992 143). Although the process of acquaintance accumulation obtained from locating in forward-looking grocerys generates endogenously productivity gains that can sustain yen run growth, the company had to comp atomic number 18 evaluate streams of monopoly profits with expect costs of product re spatial relation (Grossman and Helpman, 1992335).The innovation phase of its fun product (Magic Kingdom) infallible its military position in California, closedown to the movie and television studios its institution and survival depended on (W.Disney in Schikel, 1968). As the product matured, the company reacted to the actions of major competitors. To hinder further entry by competitors it veritable the resort in Flori da and licensed the Magic Kingdom to a Japanese company (Lanquar, 1992).The dynamic nature of economic and social processes finally led to the adopt brainwave of irrelevant markets, incursion of foreign markets, penetration express in Europe nevertheless for the next ten long time to its cut come in ( ruler, 1987.) Disney social club true a globally co-ordinated warlike strategy to focus on its know-how in resort development which had taken it thirty age to develop and complicate and which would differentiate it from its competitors. In North America, Disney globe had re primary(prenominal)ed the roughly frequented tourist site, as of 1995. Las Vegas is dis sending this ranking today.Dunning (1980, 1991)2 indicates that, at the micro ( self-coloured specific) take aim, to internationalize, companies bring to fulfill ternary conditions ownership specific advantages, internationalization of the use of these advantages, and location specific factors, all of which characterize the Disney society if not always in the traditional manner.Disneys ownership specific advantages reside in intangible pluss, its perfected experience in resort development, its ability to create new imaginative visual consumption products, its sophisticated imagineering skills, inscribed in its brand come across. Disneys pursuit of an intentional accumulation of knowl acuity to respond to expect market conditions (for example, by engineering new themes for consumption, since the company has vowed to unceasingly renew its lays, cf. Flower, 1991 186-8, 205-6, 279, 285) requires an parcelling of resources and investment of the same magnitude as for creating new technology. internationalization of this knowledge will require Disney to operate a net income of pose on a world-wide basis (Grossman & Helpman, 199182).The cover of these skills is coiffureed to theme park knowledgeableness although the idea has been replicated in other atomic number 18nas of consu mption mega-malls, forexample, seek to attract and retain customers for the drawn-out time by presenting Disney-like likings. Steve Wynn salutes Disneys imagineering with his pirate shows performed against the backdrop of a Treasure Island sidewalk dcor in Las Vegas. Copycat theme parks get under ones skin burgeoned too, like Busch Gardens.This socio-spatial complex of production cannot be geographically dislocated from its consumers. It has essential to locate (i.e. to move external of the US to where the consumers argon) this new form of consumption as come up as to post its specific features (creating its own landscape in spite of appearance another(prenominal) cultural landscape, both at a geographic site and in the business and consumption world).The very localized consumption space purposeed by its theme parks limited its possibility for elaboration. Disney makeed to action new markets in different locations flat even though the product is well-nigh identical. M arginal increases in numbers game pool of visitors would adopt been stripped-down even if the parks in the United States were en outsized (this was one of the primary(prenominal) reasons for Disneys original move to Florida).This potential number of tourists from Europe would not increase either much above the 2 billion now visiting the theme parks in the United States, considering the muffled growth of European population and of its wealth. Time and cost space inter member look at not been significant decorous at the international level for sport travelling and it has not dissolved the psychic distance (language barrier for travelling to the United States, if not inside the Disney theme parks).geographic reasons for choosing a location in Europe and a Francilian site.The Disney Company has mentioned both major reasons, or more traditional location specific factors (Euro Disney SCA, 1992). It can draw on 350 one thousand thousand customers (almost one and half quant ify the size of the population of the United States) over an area half its size (Figure 1). Such a geographic move was to modify it to take advantage of the growth of short break holidays in Europe, in concert with the growth in numbers and sophistication of tourists bit finding its turning point in the increasingtourist market segmentation.Four groups of tourists have been identified in Europe 52% still travel attractive coastlines in warmer climes, 13% buy tourist packages, 25% cull rural tourism and the rest arrive atout urban tourism (Straw & Williams, 1990 241). It imbeded its strategy on the notion that new consumption practices can take place anywhere and are eminently transportable. The company wanted to check up on that it would remain the industry leader while it captured more of the worlds market share and augmented the size of the firm (Grover, 1991). Their target, for some welkins, is up to a 20% periodical increase (Lanquar, 199273).Long holidays lead over the summer months whereas shortest trips (their targeted travel niche) are taken year round. In 1985, more than %19 had taken a molybdenum holiday in the European Community, 27% in France. Unfortunately, that diversity of travelling could not entertain its early libertine growth it had increased 10% yearly in Great Britain between 1976 and 1985. France was excessively then the European leader in international conferences (Straw & Williams, 1990 242).The niche, combined with the staging of several mega-events in Europe in 1992, take up much of the disposable income for that year and beyond (Winter Olympic Games in Albertville, France World seemly in Sevilla, Spain Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain). Disney Company as well as relied on the fact that its products-division reliable 50% of its worldwide revenues from Europe.Fifty-five zillion copies of The Journal paddy field are produce yearly in Europe, including now a Russian version, hardly only 13 billion in the Unit ed States. At least 250 European societies have signed licensing contracts with the Disney Company (Rencontres, 1992 89). Walt Disney Animation, one of the sizablest European studios for the production of cartoons had been implanted in France earlier (Saffarian, 1992). European consumption habits already included rice paddy Mouse paraphernalia.Disney Companys organisational apparatus leads, now across the world, to an increasing consumption synergy as its deal acts as both commodity and advertisement. In 1990, one third of its revenues were generated from foreign gross revenue (Grover, 1991 200). Name recognition is crucial even if often taken for granted in the consumer world (Flower, 1991 21, Grover,1991 187). Disney has become a overlap term in world culture.Disney Companys megadesigns (Dream, diversifyand never miss an angle, W.Disney, 1988 7), part of the dynamism and growth of transnationals, boosted competition for the park between European countries where it was considere d a potential economic growth pole by itself and because it co-operates with other fully grown multi-nationals.Cultural consumption contrisolelyes to capital accumulation by enhancing profits on entrepreneurial investment in production and distribution. European governments were anxious to anchor this new circuit of capital on their soil where it wold sire more circuits. In the first ten years of Disneylands existence in California, the Disney company took in $273M, the peripherals $555M (Sorkin, 1992 224). What distressed Walt Disney even more than the loss of surplus value was the disorderly and sullying form of this growth.In Orlando it has led to the reflection of 76,800 hotel retinue, 5000 of which are under direct Disney management, 12,000 under licensing agreement (Rencontres, 1992). All the others are the result of spillover set up which include the nidation of 23 attractor parks virtually Disney World (Figure 2)The two other main contending countries besides France w ere Spain, for its sunshine (access, however was very constricted) and Great Britain because of the successful enjoyment complex of Blackpool. The cornerstone of Disneyland Resort Paris unresolved new spaces for the helping parsimony where it should have a positive effect on capital accumulation in real estate development. Cultural goods and function gain economic significance through their role in interacting circuits of economic and cultural capital (Zukin, 1991 260). In the contemporary (European, cut) market scrimping investment in cultural capital would offset cyclical devaluation in other parts of the same circuit or in other circuits.European governments regard tourism as having an important economic role through its reach on foreign compensation, employment creation and constituental development, because the activity is labor-intensive and employment can be generated relatively chintzily by those governments. In the United Kingdomtourism supports 1.4 trillion jo bs (Urry, 1990). Urban tourism is cosmos used as a spur to regeneration in some(prenominal) de-industrialized(zing) areas in ache of the strong colony of tourist activities on part-time and seasonal worker as well as low-skilled, and this low-waged, labor (Straw and Williams, 1990, Urry, 1990). Man governments were desperate to stem unemployment.In the mid 1980s, 16 zillion workers were laid-off in the European Union. The unemployment rate hovered around 10% between 1983 and 1992 with highs of 12% in France and 21.2% in Spain. The rate for new-fashioned great deal was 18% across the Union but reached %30 in Spain and Italy( boot des Communautes Europeenes, 1992). umpteen of the recruits of Disneyland Resort Paris are young and unskilled (Lanquar, 1992117).Cultural and environmental problems can likewise be exaggerated by the introduction of mass tourism (e.g. Disney Worlds problem with sewage effluents in the Orlando area, Flower, 1991 252). Such economic development can hap only if it does not put undue pressure on open natural resources.European governments are convolute in tourism development because of its doubled impacts. touristry, in turn, has commercialized civilization in France, the transformation of the places of memory into places to visit has returned expectant benefits. The french government takes a bountiful perspective on tourism it is more socially and culturally informed and curt biased toward economic issues (OCDE, 1992, Rencontres, 1992157).Why did Disney Company choose a rainy site close to Paris?It is one of triad major population concentration poles in Western Europe, the other two being capital of the United Kingdom and the Rhine Valley, and it is the most accessible to these other two (see Figure 1). Spain or the London area would have given access to the European Union market but from a peripheral location. Accessibility underpins the get by of centrality. The Paris Basin is at the adjunction of northernern and grey Europe it is an necessary thoroughfare.Paris is alike one of the most attractive cities with 25 million foreignvisitors throughout the year. It is fewer than the 60 million visitors of London, but the majority of these are domestic (Straw & Williams, 1990). Those who will come to Disneyland Resort Paris, the company reasoned, will remain in the Eurodisney hotels 2 or 3 nights to visit Paris too. Studies conducted in 1985 determined there was great demand potential for theme parks in Europe (only one in ten people had even been to a theme park) that was biggishly un effect (Rencontres EPA, 1992). The wide-ranging Paris metropolitan area is wanting a theme park that could set up its tradition as a center for recreation (Ousset, 1986). He felt that Disneyland Paris would fulfill that role. there existed only two bighearted recreational complexes in Europe Blackpool Pleasure Beach in England (7 million visitors a year) and more than one hundred-year-old Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagan (3.8 millions) (Urry, 1990). Its site (in Marne-la-Vallee) illustrates the importance of geographical location (Figure 3) in its traditional materialist interpretation, which is even more critical at the microlevel. The company had definitely opted for the cut site in 1985, in spite of its unfavorable weather conditions, following studies conducted since the 1970s in several European countries on the feasibility of a number of sites (Grover, 1991 187-8).Disney Company was looking for a site that was substantially accessible to a large number of potential customers year round. When the company returned to move cut authorities in the early 1980s it had also realized that its projects needed a minimum critical mass to allow them to function as resorts. They were thus looking for a site that would guarantee the land area needed not only for its theme parks (a total of three are planned into 2017) but also for the hotels, restaurants, residences, touch that would be buil t because of the demands generated by the parks (Figure 4).At the same time, social practices are structured in time as well as in space as they structure that space. Spain has assigned the Walt Disney Company a better deal than France, but it was not able to put together a large enough parcel of land (Grover, 1991 188). The Paris area was the best fit out to handle such a large real estate project thank to the states clean Towns form _or_ system of government initiated 30 years ago large virgin plots of land were ready for quick urbanisation, minimizing the cost of groundwork grooming and of the environmental disruption caused by such device (Roullier, 1993).Four million cubic meters of land were moved, 68,000 cubic meters of rocks were molded and 85,000 trees planted, while work on sanitation and drainage was similar to that required by a town of fifty to sixty thousand inhabitants during the construction of the Disney park (Nouveau Courrie, 1992). This readiness includes not just the transport and other physical root word, but also the judicial and administrative mechanisms for merged project developments conducted by both the state and private companies. brisk town development strategy and the constraints of the convention hot Towns were created by the French Government in 1964 to guarantee a more harmonious economic development of the Ile de France by emphasizing the easterly side until then neglected (Bastie, 1991 88). major(ip) industries had located on the western and southern side of Paris, while their pollutants blew east. The French governments planned bunk center, La Defense, was built on the western fringes of Paris.These new towns were to offer a dynamic urban life inwardly an architecturally stimulant environment and to remedy the earlier unanimity of suburban high rising flat tire projects constructed to house the lower French classes, and fiddling else (Roullier, 1993) The government chose suburban locations for the new towns ( Figure 5) to corrupt the main characteristics of all suburbs their distance from town renters which turns suburban dwellers in Europe into second-class citizens (Merlin, 1989).More than a million people now live and work in these new towns, 225,300 in Marne-la-Vallee alone in 1993 (Figure 6, EpaMarne/EpaFrance, 1994). Their exact location as well as their layout was to respect the physical characteristics of the area and to take advantage of its environment amenities. Disney Company came on board when the third section (Bussy-St-Georges 7000 housing units, 600,000 square meters of topographic points and 90-hectare technological industrial park) was just started (Etablissments everydays, 1991).The parks size do it an ideal addition to the new town.Disneyland Resort Paris was not just an amusement, but a large urban development, supported by major forward motions in the transport network finance by the French government. (Boyer, 1994).In the French Governments view, for the Fren ch new towns to unfeignedly develop i.e. grow beyond the need for constant state subsidies and to successfully change into old towns attracting private investment was as important as constructing subsidized housing. The implantation of Disneyland Resort Paris crowned a development strategy conceived many years beforehand (Roullier, 1993). The long-term objective was to make this area on of the main economic pivots of Europe, as revealed by its name Val dEurope. This objective was based on the improvements in transport systems that would regain freedom of choice to town dwellers, turn in access to the labor force and offer distribution networks for businesses.Transportation has been a key to new town development from its inception. The existing transport network is capable of course towards Disneyland Resort Paris all those millions of anticipated visitors (Figure 3). All main communication routes in Europe or within France run across towards this area. counterbalance if t he Magic Kingdom were to cave in (close its doors), these transport improvements would remain as the basis for attracting other private investors to an area that has always been designated for urban growth. Continuous urbanization from the other three sectors had been planned for this area, for some indefinite time in the future. The park only accelerated the process.There are two main themes to the development of Marne-la-Vallee as a new town. atomic number 53 is an office complex ten kilometers from Paris, with direct link up to the capital. The other is the complex of Val dEurope centered around Disneyland, one of its featured attractions, with a large number of offices serving as headquarters for Disney in Europe (100,000m2) that should attract other offices functions to deplete another 200.000m2. (EPA, Marne/EPA France, 1994 Boyer, 1994).By attracting large numbers of tourists, Disneyland Resort Paris will act asan investment magnet on other circuits of capital, based on th e provision of hotels, tourist and vacant facilities and office buildings, that the French government will channel barely through its new town of Marne-la-Vallee and as per the 173-page accord signed by two on 24 knock against 1987 after 27 months of arduous negotiations. The have it away(p) document with its appendices totals more than cd pages (Convention, 1987). Results in real estate value remain way beneath predictions because Europe has been mired in an economic recession since the opening of the park.Although the French government seems to have given in to Disney Companys demands (Grover, 1991), for example by agreeing to an international rather than a French court to manufacture disagreements, the expatiate contract attributes obligations to both sides. The French government worn out(p) 2.7 billion FF to provide first rate transportation colligate, but it has meant added jobs for the area (4,500 for the rail line, 1,300 for the RER).Disney Company must, in turn, guarantee a minimum number of rides for the Regie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP) on the extended regional metro (RER) A line, or allowance for the difference (Convention, 1987, Article 11). A detailed program of development of the land offered to Disney schedules each step. It was not given all 1,945 hectares to formulate with at will, contrary to some press accounts (Business Week, 1990 Smadja, 1988).Disney Company spent only 500M FF to experience the land necessary for the its first theme park (covering the costs of the infrastructure provided with the land) but it led to private investments of 10B FF (Lanquarm, 1992109). otherwise major projects, such as international soccer stadium and centers of high learning, are being erected in the area, encouraged in part by the presence of Disneyland in Paris (Boyer, 1994).Disney Company also apprehended dealing with one main negotiating team, the EPA (Etablissement Public dAmenagement), whose existence was permitted by th e new town judicial structure (Rencontres, 1992 99-122). This is a public development corporation that fulfills both commercial and fiscal functions. It is established by government decree and has powers of pre-emptive and compulsory purchase, as well as legal and financial autonomy. It can thus function as developer in the new town, while it alsorepresents the government.Communication remain remarkably static-free between this private company and French authorities, thanks to the single government voice and thanks to the detailed blueprint that indicates who does what, when, and how (Convention, 1987). The company also underlines the importance of continuity on the French side, adhered to through the years, since the first negotiations in 1985, by the French government in spite of political changes at the helm (Rencontres, 1992100).The French state did require that this development occur within guidelines set up in a Projet dInteret General (EPAMarne, 1987, Limery, 1996) that see ks to fix a coherent approach that will, for example, enable the villages in the area to maintain their present specific characteristics. The requirement was not made in a spirit of pretended heritage but to maintain architectural figure while enabling new construction to be fully integrated in the new towns landscape.This evolution will transform the vitality conditions of the residents of the old villages of the area who thought they could maintain a rural lifestyle only thirty minutes away from Paris and who are going to be invaded by millions of tourists. Agriculturists and ecologists have joined forces to fight for the deliverance of agricultural areas within the new town to counterbalance this ascent urbanization. (See Roullier, 1993 Bastie, 1991).The departement of Seine-et-Marne has seen an increase of 18,000 hotel rooms between 1985 and 1992. This includes the 5,200 rooms constructed by Disney Company (Rencontres, 1992 165). It wants to develop the potential attractio n of the southern part of the departement, i.e. the region farthest from the park that includes Fontainebleau, from Melua to Chateau- worldon and from Barbizon to Montereau. Its cultural and natural landscapes are rather exceptional since they include a number of famous castles (Fontainebleau and its museum.Vaux-le-Vicomte, Moret-sur-Loing) and fine-looking natural forests. It is also an area frequented by locals (9 million per year) and by many foreign visitors (Maison Departementale, 1994). Disneyland Resort Paris is a fantastic luck to increase the level of visits by outsiders to the area which has suffered until now from its location in the shadow of Paris (25 million foreigners visit the capital, less than amillion come to this area). The convention that Disney Company signed includes the obligation for it to advertise other tourist sites in the area besides its own, as per Article 10 of the 1987 Convention (see, for example, the Michelin Guide to the Magical Kingdom).Tourist operators who do not have exclusive contracts with Disneyland Paris are also solicited to include these other stops in their packages. The departement is also essay to increase partnership agreements with a shape of service providers. Europcar, the official car letting agency of Disneyland Resort Paris, will put inside each vehicle a tourist map of the whole departement, as well as discount coupons for castles and restaurants in the area (Convention, 1987, Conseil General, 1991).Negotiating the design of the Francilian landscapeThe French government must have know that behind the vitriolic cultural cut into about Disneyland Resort Paris stood a high level of capitalist investment in performance, in the machinery of reproduction, investment intentional to create a product. The French government did not bow to capitalism which, like technology does not require a close examination of its consequences. It asks for trust and obedience.because its gifts are truly bountiful (Postman , 1993 xiii). Contrary to best-selling(predicate) opinion which accused it of caving in to the rose-colored tactical manoeuvre of Disney and the lure of many jobs, the French government had already resisted approaches by the company in 1976.French negotiators needed certainty that this product could be exported. Tokyo Disneyland could not serve as a lesson in European negotiations and development, because the Disney Company was not a direct participant. It sold the developing rights to a Japanese company (Oriental Land Company) who financed, owns and runs the park. It did, however, serve the purpose of proving that the Magic Kingdom could be successfully transplanted onto foreign soil. Were finally able to convince the French negotiators that we really meant business. (Recontres, 1992113).Because of the cultural capital are formed in real spaces, they enkindle how space in an advanced service economy is really formed. Capital creates anddestroys its own landscapes (Harvey, 1 989). Space is structured by circuits of capital as they leave messages embedded in their environs. Since the nineteenth century, shifting from one landscape to another has depended less on individual mobility than on a considerable scale varied remaking of landscape itself. (Zukin, 1991 18). adorns sometimes grow by accumulation they do not seem as historically and culturally curtail as in the former(prenominal) as they are constantly reinvented by footloose capital.The French government could not have laboured Disney Company to choose a location in France. Some incentives to influence it major power have over come any benefit government intervention could command. evaluate concessions may eliminate any gains or lead to a transitory gains trap. The wages obtained from the supplementary jobs might be very low, leading to minimal tax and spillover gains, while increasing the need for operate.The landscape is broader, has deeper grow and relies on more interconnections than government alone can control, especially on the international scene, since government intervention is restricted to its territory. Strategies of cultural consumption may only complement, rather than contradict, strategies of capital accumulation.The competitive edge of the French government to capture the Disney investors was by means of product differentiation, offering a space they enhanced through design and designation. The linkage between cultural capital and real estate development enables new economic structures to be localized and to look at specific geographic locations Marne-la-Valle for Disneyland Resort Paris. Disneyland Resort Paris demanded specific efforts to insert this large international project into a suburban new town within which it is to evolve rapidly. These are efforts of co-ordination in planning strategies, in capturing spillovers and in image development (Rencontres, 1992).Disneyland Resort Paris could not, by itself have acted as a growth pole that wou ld economically resuscitate the east suburbs of Paris. The circuit of cultural capital it represented fizzled out within two years Disneyland Resort Paris was ready to close its doors in serve 1994 because it was bankrupt due to blunders before and at the time of the opening cultural, financial and economic matters. A capital asset that cannot earn income hasno value it becomes a liability. It did subject Disney Company to some sarcasm by the press (Solomon, 1994).The tension between globalization forces that led to its expansion in Europe and localization forces, the result of local differences in production and market techniques has forced Disney Company to change and admit its much prized know-how for example, it has had to accept the exchange of alcohol in the park. Losses were mounting too dangerously to ignore subtly different cultural practices. It was assumed that traditional status systems and parochial loyalties would wither away in the course of economic growth. glo balization has not done away with culture-specific modes of consumption. whiz of Disney Companys continued problems is the minimal amount spent by these millions of Europeans within the park an average, in 1992, of 310FF instead of the expected 333 (Commission du Tourisme, 1993), down to 224FF in 1995 (Revenu, 1996). These spectators (Disney Companys terms for the visitors of its parks) have elect other non-pecuniary forms of participation in Disneys spectacle.The resort was, however, integrated in a long-term project of the French government, sanctified to the balanced economic growth of the Parisian Basin. The short-term effect of Disney Companys capital venture was counteracted by the long term (30 year) convention signed by both parties. Disney Company could not withdraw, especially if the circuit was no longer profitable. This convergence, in Marne-la-Vallee, of capitalist action and social action created the synergy for Disneyland Resort Paris to be financially restructured i n March 1994 so that it could again generate profits.Mutual effects of economics (circuits of capital pushing Disney Company to find new investment opportunities), authorities (the French government looking for economic growth poles), and culture (the acceptance of a not-so-foreign popular cultural trait) are restructuring the Francilian landscape.Landscape includes the geographical meaning of physical surroundings and the ensemble of material and social practices it is the faultless panorama. It connotes a contentious, compromised product of society, but on which powerful institutions have a pre-eminent capacity to impose their view boththe French government and Disney Company in this case, not just the private company Disney (i.e. capital). In the United States, potential investments that are not targeted on short-term gain are often criticized as social investments, but all investment takes place in a social context.Although it is believed that the role of sovereign states is being eroded in favor of international organizations, agencies and/or associations, private or political, that of France used its strategic position to direct the development and prosperity of the Parisian Basin. The French government tried to empty that public value be held wrapped to private value. It wanted to avoid that improvement explicitly reject the social variety of habitation of explicitly seek shelter by exclusion.Capitalisms most lasting product is landscape (new geographies) which in many places it had rendered impermanent, forever exhibiting a new repertoire. Such shifting landscapes illustrate the geomorphologic charges of the global economy (Harvey, 1989 Zukin, 1991 Dicken, 1992). The spatial mediation of cultural consumption affects the redistribution of benefits among social classes and explains the direct interest of the French government in a Disney theme park, and its offer of the Marne-la-Vallee location. Space does make material form for the differentiatio n of a market economy but places can be selectively configured to promote community goals.The French governments intervention of land in Marne-la-Vallee from matter to property so that development (localized economic growth) would not lead to obsolescence and dereliction here or in other parts of the Paris basin. It demonstrates that capitalism is not a monolithic force operating alone at the universalizing level to carve up the world fit in to its sole designs.Spillover effects of partnership some(prenominal) parties emphasize positive results in spite of the vituperative press campaign which accompanied the arrival of Disneyland in the Francilian landscape (a cultural Chernobyl). Such a large attraction was recognized as both a chance and a scrap The chance we grabbed, and together with our American partners we have worked to make the park a success so the 12million visitors will bring wealth to this whole eastern region.The challenge we are facing is to become a strong pole of attraction culturally and economically (Rencontres, 1992 196) Daniel Robert (of Bison Fute fame) added Marne-la-Vallee is blessed with an extra-ordinary opportunity to sell its millions of square meters of office space, its ideal of an urban area, its strategic position (Rencontres, 1992 55). The presence of such a large investment has emboldened Marne-la-Vallee to combat the skepticism that smaller potential private investors show when solicited by New Towns.Visitors sprouted into Eurodisney 6.8 millions by October 1992, 19.5 millions by February 1994 (Eurodisney SCA, 1992, 1994). Its basal allurement is its Americanness. It has been the best reliable park ever in Europe and it is the number one stipendiary entryway attraction there Beaubourg Centre authoritative only 8.2 million visitors in 1993, 3.8 million of which were free entries to the library La Villette apothegm 5.8 million entries, the Effiel Tower 5.4 the Louvre welcomes 5 million visitors per year (Eurodisney Re sort, 1993 5).These numbers are insufficient, however, for the park to break even, since it unavoidably 11 million per year to do so and reached just that number only its first year of operation. Number of visitors followed a downtrend until 1994 6,708,551 averaged 1.45 visits in 1993. In 1994, only 5,574,059 (-16.9%) pushed the turnstiles 1.61 times. Visits by residents of the Parisian Basin had dropped by 31.3&. In 1995, however, the park registered a 21.5% increase in attention.The percentage of foreign visitors had dropped by 15% between 1992 and 1993 down to 56% of the visits but it was back up to 61% in 1994. The majority of the customers (93.3% of the 5,777 hotel rooms and bungalows more than are available in the city of Cannes) are tourists, versus less than a two-thirds average for the Ile de France, but here too the number of foreigners has dropped (72% in 1994, 75% in 1993, vs. 82% in 1992).The occupancy rate of hotels has remained way below Orlandos rate of 79% even i f it did not increase from 55% in 1992 and 1993 to 61% in 1994 and 68.5% in 1995. any hotel night sold by Disneyland Resort Paris engenders the sale of at least one other hotel night in the area. In 1994, Eurodisney hotels stared welcoming guests who were not inescapably attracted by the theme park(EPAMarne, 1994, EPA-France, 1995).Marne-la-Vallee is a creation in progress and it needs to become credible in the eye of private investors. Although a negative image of Disneyland Resort Paris was diffused by the press during the construction phase, based on its American cultural attributes, its business of selling false world for pleasure and its bullish negotiating tactics with the French government and later with private companies and labor, the more positive one of leisure and festivities and of successful business know-how has since been emphasized. Disneyland Resort Paris is more than the Magic Kingdom because of the hotels, leisure resources, offices and residences it plans to construct (Figure 4).It has developed an image as a solid capitalist enterprise, the kind Marne-la-Vallee wants to attract. Know-how can be applied to both Disneyland Resort Paris and Marne-la-Vallee, so that paddy fields notoriety in Europe can increase that of Marne-la-Vallee, its present location. There does exist the danger that it becomes Disney Vallee.The social construction of the regional identity of Marne-la-Vallee will be dominated by Disneys cultural capital and the various other capital circuits it will engender. Two strategies have been suggested to counteract such a danger. At the national level, the state should put in place structures that get the identity of Marne-la-Vallee start from the companys trademark. At the local level, endogenous and original solution need to be found to allow each and every inhabitant to identify culturally with the specific part of the Brie plateau s/he lives in.Disneyland Resort Paris has fulfilled its role as an economic growth pole both straight and indirectly, distributing spillover effects in the eastern suburbs of the Paris Basin while bringing economic benefits to the country. Within the perimeter of Disneyland Resort Paris, the ratio between public and private investment is 1 to 8, similar to the one found in most new towns. The French government invested 2.7B FF in public infrastructure while private companies and individuals disbursed 23B FF (Eurodisney Resort, 1993 2).Construction employed 5,100 local workers and 180 companies for a cost of 13B FF 47% of which went to Ile de France companies, 76% in the caseof residential developments. The company also had to construct 1,800 housing units occupied by 3,500 of its employees. In 1992, Disneyland Resort Paris give 81M FF in local taxes and 250M FF in sales taxes. On opening day it employed 11,500 people, two thirds of whom were French (70% by 1995), one one-fifth of other European origin. There are now 9,700 employee representing a saving of 7% in ope rating costs.The downsizing came as part of the financial restructuring of March 1994. They were paid 2B FF in salaries and benefits, a substantial addition to the revenue stream of the new town. They generated with Disneyland, another 25,000 jobs in the area. The fifty tons of washables produced daily by the resort, for example, led to the construction of two plants in the area. A little over 40% of these employees live in the Seine-et-Marne departement and thus consume within the area.There are another 5,000 seasonal jobs, 10% of which are filled by local residents. The economic activities of Disneyland Resort Paris in 1993 generated 9.2% less revenue than in 1992, although visitor spending outside of Disneyland Resort Paris increased by 3.8%. Another lower of 6/9% was registered in 1994.In the fiscal year 1991-2, the company spent 2.7B FF, but only 2.2 in 1993, a decrease of 20% in goods and services (insurance, laundry, electricity). Purchases registered a gain of 14% in 1994, and investments for improvements and maintenance, of 22%. Much of the income from these purchases remains in the area. 93% of food products are bought in France, 65% in Ile de France. Statistics were culled from Eurodisney Resort, 1993, EPAMarne, 1994, EPAFrance, 1995, Eurodisney SCA 1992, 1993, 1994.The French government received 4BFF in foreign currency (3.4% of foreign currency earnings through tourism in France in 1993), 812MFF in taxes and 9 to 15,000 jobs, depending on the season. Although totals hover from year to year, they remain a plus for the economy. Disneyland Resort Paris led to a more than 3% increase in the total number of foreign tourists in France, 60.1M in 1993, 61.3M in 1994. The combined activities and purchases of all 61.3 million tourists provide 5.1% of the French gross national product and 7.1% of its foreign currency earnings. The park is placed seventh as a major touristoperator in France, with 4.9BFF in revenues, behind Air France, SNCF, Accor, communi ty Med, Aeroports de Paris and Nouvelles Frontieres (EPAMarne, 1994, EPAFrance, 1995).Other theme parks come way behind Futuroscope bring in only 300MFF, Asterix 194MFF. The financial restructuring of its annual debt, which amounted to $370M in Marhc 1994, allowed the park to announce a profit of $35 million in the second quarter of 1995 and increased attendance helped consolidate profits for the remaining of the fiscal year. at least prior(prenominal) to debt payments (New York clock, 1995 D7).There was wide-spread optimism that Disneys presence in Europe would enhance the attraction sectors image, help improve standards of entry and raise consumer expectations and especially willingness to pay. It has increased investment in smaller-scale attractions in France Asterix park (25 miles north of Paris) which had required an investment of $208 million receives 1.5 million visitors per year.The comic books it represents three-dimensionally have been translated in 40 languages. It co nquered 7% of the potential market in the Paris Basin in three years. Disneyland Resort Paris aims for 17%. beneath the influence of Disneyland Resort Paris it has begun a five-year refurbishment program. It has also been forced to define its product more clear (Saffarian, 1992).Futuroscope, an intelligently entertaining park, has revitalized the region that surrounds it. It opened in June 1987 and boasted profits of 15M FF from revenues of 300M FF paid by 2 million visitors in 1994. Its theme is moving images. When innovators must compete in integrated product markets, they have reason to pursue distinctive ideas, and thereby contribute to the global accumulation of knowledge.Dynamic Cinema, one of the most sought-after attractions at Futuroscope, thrills, awes and panics spectators through the use of a 60/second lean of images and hydraulically controlled seats with computerized links to the pictures (Tresch, 1994). It has also had repercussions in other European countries. i nterface Aventura opened in may 1995 near Barcelona. Four hundred million dollars were invested, 20% of which by Annheuaer Busch, over 20 hectares, i.e. 50 acres (Tagliabue, 1995).ConclusionBoth sides have benefited from this partnership between a private multinational corporation and public authorities. Disneyland Paris has maintained the momentum of development in Marne-la-Vallee that the French government wanted to stimulate. The success of the office centers of Marne-la-Vallee, of the Cite Descartes (and area of higher learning) and the presence of Disneyland Resort Paris demonstrate that betting on Marne-la-Vallee to assure the economic development of the eastern part of Paris Basin was the way to go, even if success was long in coming (Merlin, 1989 77). New large projects are being constructed and jobs and their multiplier effect, taxes, new transport lines are increasing. In 1995 attendance numbers were on the bait and hotel revenue and occupancy rates augmented.Even Orland o had rocky beginnings before returning its investment many times over and the two American parks suffered from lulls (Grover, 1991, Flower, 1991). Both the company and the French government had remained optimistic since talks for the next stage of development are right on schedule. Disneyland Resort Paris obtained a site it can grow in, with the necessary communication links to one of the most densely (in numbers and in purchasing power) settled areas in the world while it provides the French government with a major economic growth pole.The contract binding the two parties distributes obligations to limit the ability of private companies to speculate on investments made by public bodies financed by the general public, while it guarantees the timely boundary of these investments. Optimism was justified when Disneyland Resort Paris opened as scheduled on 12 April 1992. It is still justified today as attendance numbers and spillover effects are on the increase. (Revenu, 1996 9). Prov ing that public/private partnerships can enhance social benefits and capital accumulation.Endnotes1 Francilian refers to Ile de France, also called the Paris Basin2 A National Public radio set report in June 1996 indicated that Las Vegas had become the number one tourist destination among travelers who schedule through travel agents. In a private communication, J. Brett of the Nevada Commission on Tourism mentioned that 30 million visitors were welcomed in the early(prenominal) twelve months in Las Vegas. Although slightly more than the 30 million who visit Disney World, the numbers quoted are of turnstile pushes rather than of head counts. I was not told how the total number of visitors to Las Vegas was arrived at.3 All forms of knowledge (all products based on knowledge) have peculiar properties as economic commodities. Know-how is a non-rival good using it does not preclude others from doing it, of, other theme parks. It also non-excludable the very use of information in any p roductive way is bound to reveal it in part (Grossman & Helpman, 1991 15). Preventing unofficial use of it depends on property laws and their enforcement. One can understand Disney Companys sensitivity to any copyright infringements.4 The first theme park in the Western world was built at the end of 1200s by Robert II of Artois at Vieil Hesdin. It included a revolving castle, a grotto within which rain or snow could be willed, animated marionettes, collapsing bridges, as well as exotic plants and animals that symbolized paradise. Charles V destroyed the park 300 years later.ReferencesBastie, Jenn (1991), La Seine-et-Marne dans le schema directeur de IIle de France, Cahier du CREPIF, 36Boyer, Jean-Marie (1994). Marne-La-Vallee, Paris, Ile de France, EPAMarne.Business Week (1990). 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