The second language Essay Example for Free

The second language Essay The second language has one of its toughest influences in most of the third world countries where even the national language is the one that was imposed by the colonizer. It is a common trend that in most British colonies the language of the population is English. In most of these cases the foreign national language does not find a friendly ground with the native language. No wonder the third world inhabitants have a formed opinion that learning and acquiring this foreign language is being educated. (Heath and Mangiola cv, 1991) Â  The so called ‘first day in school’ (Knapp and Shields, 1990) is most stressing in the third world than it will anywhere else. Apart from the harassment from the old children in school, the toddler finds to its amazement that the language it will have to be acquainted to a completely new one from the common native language it is used to. The fact that in these parts of the world the whole curriculum is based on that one man who colonized this place complicates the whole process of learning. It must be admitted here that the famous failing of exams in the developing worlds is not always because of the poor teaching tactics of this teacher in class but most probably because of the failure of this boy and girl to have a grasp of the language of the curriculum which is a foreign one mostly(Heath, 1991). Â  It is most obvious that most of the discussion will be based in the third world scope because its here that the native languages are still not developed in documentaries and that any form of communication at the national level has to in a foreign language recognized as the language of the masses .Going across Africa there is varied or a wide range of languages. Because of colonization, the different communities in these parts of the world and the other parts of third world including the Latin America, the Caribbean and Asia the issue of the second language has pressed so hard on the population. Because many of these countries have many tribes, the only common language they can use for official purposes is the language of the colonizer. Probably this is the main reason why Uganda, Kenya,Tanzania,Nigeria,Trinidad and Tobago and United States of America to name but a few have English as a national and official language . Britain was the colonial master of all of these nations. (Garcia and It will be very clear to give the influence of this second language by looking at an example in East Africa. In this region it is not taxing to tell a Ugandan from a Kenyan and the later will be told quite easily from their Tanzanian counterparts. Going deep further to individual countries, it is possible to tell a member of one tribe from another member of the second tribe. That this people make errors during communication is not a problem of their own making but because of their language of birth. For example for a native Lake Victoria ,the Luo tribe of Kenya, the word ‘fish’ is pronounced as , word ‘good’ goes as ‘ngood’ and drive as ndrive. To the Ugandan, the word ‘government’ is pronounced as ‘gafriment’.

External Factors Affecting To The Pepsico Marketing Essay

External Factors Affecting To The Pepsico Marketing Essay Books, articles, journals and periodicals were reviewed; internet sources were also visited, to elicit information. The major threat identified were more of environmental, arising majorly from its sludge which was alleged to contain a high level of toxic chemicals, including cadmium and lead, both of which can be harmful to human and plants. The case of coca-cola plant in Perumatti in the southern state of Kerala in India was used as a case study Not only is PepsiCo the worlds largest beverage company, but in 200 nations ( with consumers enjoying an average of 1.6 billion servings a day), sells about 500 sparkling brands, including 4 of the top sellers (coca- cola, diet coke, sprite and fanta), sparkling beverages, juices, and ready to drink teas among others. In this assignment we focused on the activities regarding the external factors which affect the PepsiCo, needs and expectations of stakeholders of PepsiCo, major changes taking place in the external environment in PepsiCo, modeling tools develop strategic options, basis of future PepsiCo strategy, comparative understanding of competitor activity from others. External factors affecting to the PepsiCo. PEST analysis is concerned with the key external environmental influences on a business. POLITICAL ECONOMICAL SOCIAL TECHNOLOGICAL PepsiCo product are subject to various federal laws New opportunities in other countries Replenishing water Operates in almost all the countries Land acquisition for new factories Fuel price Replenishing water Introduction of cans and plastic Bottles Govt. focusing on stricter water pollution norms Availability of labor Partnership with farmers Newer and attractive Designs Raw Material prices A great worry. Have a global economic perspective Solid waste management program State-of-the-Art plants Needs and expectations of stakeholders of PepsiCo Consumers PepsiCo are proud to offer PepsiCo consumers a wide range of products that deliver great taste, nutritional value, convenience and affordability. PepsiCo are committed to playing a responsible role in health and PepsiCo are finding innovative ways to reduce the use of energy, water and packaging, and to better serve consumer wants and needs through new products and packaging And PepsiCo work relentlessly to improve productivity so PepsiCo can offer affordable products to a broad range of consumers. Consumer Privacy Consumer privacy is important to PepsiCo, and PepsiCo make every effort to make sure consumers are provided with PepsiCo policies, terms and conditions. PepsiCo business divisions and many markets maintain corporate and brand PepsiCo sites, fully accessible to all interested parties. Communities PepsiCo support PepsiCo communities through PepsiCo businesses by contributing to not-for-profit groups and by working with organizations dedicated to improving the lives of people. PepsiCo have advisory groups that focus on health and issues of concern to the African American, Asian and Latino/Hispanic communities, among others. Investors PepsiCo strive to provide investors with a reasonable return on their investment, based on consistent financial growth in the marketplace and consistent financial results. PepsiCo take a long-term view and make appropriate investments to strengthen PepsiCo brands, develop PepsiCo capabilities and pursue new opportunities. Partners PepsiCo did not control these bottlers, PepsiCo did not consolidate their results. Instead, PepsiCo included PepsiCo share of their net income based on PepsiCo percentage of economic ownership in PepsiCo income statement as bottling equity income. Suppliers PepsiCo suppliers provide us with the goods and services needed in PepsiCo business. PepsiCo buy goods and services at competitive prices with the goal of allowing both PepsiCo suppliers and PepsiCo to make a reasonable profit. Major changes affect strategy. PepsiCo intend to continue to focus our efforts on, among other initiatives, the following. These changes of the external factors changes the Strategy of PepsiCo PepsiCo Company to develop a business model to continue exploring and participating in new lines of beverages, extending existing product lines and effectively advertising and marketing our products; implementing selective packaging strategies designed to increase consumer demand for our products and to build a strong returnable base for the PepsiCo brand; replicating our best practices throughout the value chain; Adapting organizational and asset structure in order to be in a better position to respond to a changing competitive environment; to build a multi-cultural collaborative team, from top to bottom; and broadening our geographic footprint through organic growth and strategic acquisitions. SWOT analysis of PepsiCo SWOT Analysis of PepsiCo Strengths Weaknesses Opportunity Threat one of the most recognized brands of the world Low Productivity In 2008 PepsiCo had approximately 198,000 employees. International Expansion PepsiCo is in the midst of making a $1, 000 million investment in China, and a $500 million investment in India Decline in Carbonated Drink Sales Soft drink sales are projected to decline by as much as 2.7% by 2012, PepsiCos diversification is obvious in that the fact that each of its top 18 brands Image Damage Due to Product Recall Growing Savory Snack and Bottled Water market in US PepsiCo is positioned well to capitalize on the growing bottle water market which is projected to be worth over $24 million by 2012. Intense Competition The Coca-Cola Company is PepsiCos primary competitors. But others include Nestlà ©, Groupe Danone and Kraft Foods. Intense competition may influence pricing, advertising, sales The company delivers its products directly from manufacturing plants and warehouses to customer warehouses and retail stores Its revenue per employee was $219,439, which was lower that its competitors. Broadening of Product Base PepsiCo is seeking to address one of its potential weaknesses; dependency Potential Negative Impact of Government Regulations Develop a comparative understanding of competitor activity from other organizations in the market. pff2.jpg Create options to form the basis of future organizational strategy. The PepsiCo reaffirmed the underlying strength of its integrated food and beverage portfolio and concluded that PepsiCo offers the most compelling value to shareholders as one company. Significantly increase investments in its iconic brands and in bringing innovation to market. Advertising and marketing spending will increase by $500-$600 million in 2012, the majority in North America. Going forward, it expects to maintain or increase that rate of support as a percentage of revenues. To drive efficiencies, it will reduce the number of agency partners and also take steps to leverage the global scale of its top brand platforms. The brand investments are expected to drive top line growth and enable greater price realization; Implement a three-year productivity program that is expected to generate over $500 million in incremental cost savings in 2012, further incremental reductions in the cost base of about $500 million in 2013, and an additional $500 million in 2014. The productivity savings will span every aspect of the business: Improve its net return on invested capital by at least 50 basis points annually beginning in 2013 through increased focus on capital spending and working capital management. As an example, in 2012 we will be reducing capital expenditures by 10% versus 2011. The emphasis is on systematically improving the efficiency of the existing asset base; (Armstrong, 1986) Strategy plan that ensures stakeholders of an organization The newest campaign slogan, introduced this year, is More Happy, which definitely coincides with one concrete example of more in the packaging of Pepsi products today-more designs. Many more. At least 35 distinct design ideas will grace the packaging of Pepsis cans and bottles this year alone, and this design strategy may continue indefinitely Pepsi actually asked their loyal consumers what brand elements would have to remain so that they would be intuitively reassured that their favorite drinks were not changing and the brand they trusted was still essentially the same. Their answer was direct and consistent. Pepsi-lovers needed to see three elements for sure-the Pepsi globe, the iconic Pepsi blue, and the familiar tilted Pepsi capital letters. Television ad campaigns are reinforcing the globe-centric approach by featuring a boulder-sized Pepsi globe in various settings careening to and fro like a pinball. In the ads and on the front of most of the new packages is the reassuring tag line: Same Pepsi inside, new look outside. Miller explains that it is customary and important to reassure consumers for at least six months in situations like this. (Renger, (2002). ) Create options for a strategy plan Hopefully you and your team will come up with several options or solutions to fix the problem you are working on. In evaluating these options or potential solutions, I have found the following criteria to be beneficial: Effectiveness: How likely is it that this solution will get me to the desired situation? Feasibility: How realistic is this solution? How likely is it that this solution can be implemented effectively? Time: How long will it take to implement this solution? How long will it take to get the desired results? Cost: How much will it cost, in money or other resources, to implement this solution? Human resources: How many people will need to be involved to implement this solution? Difficulty or ease of implementation: Overall, how easy or difficult will it be to implement this solution? Risk: How much is at risk in implementing this solution? (Armstrong S. , 1985) Strategy plan ensuring the resource implications. Intensive growth (Identifying the opportunities to achieve further growth within the current business) Product -market expansion grid is useful framework for detecting new intensive growth opportunities. (Conley, 1992, April.) Market penetration strategy (The Company first considers whether it could gain more market share with its current products in the current markets): Headquartered in Purchase, New York, with Research and Development Headquarters in Valhalla. A third force was the perceived synergy between salty snacks and soft drinks. As Kendall succinctly related to Forbes in 1968, Potato chips make you thirsty; Pepsi satisfies thirst. The plan was to jointly market PepsiCos snacks and soft drinks, thereby giving Pepsi a potential advantage in its ongoing battle with Coke. Expand the Global Leadership Position of Our Snacks Business. PepsiCo is the global snacks leader, with the No. 1 savory category share position in virtually every key region across the globe. Ensure Sustainable, Profitable Growth in Global Beverages. When combined with the actions we are taking to refresh their brands across the entire beverage category, they believe this game-changing transaction will enable them to accelerate their top-line growth and also improve their profitability. Unleash the Power of Power of One. The combination of snacks and beverages-with our high-demand global and local brands-makes PepsiCo an essential partner for large-format as well as small-format retailers. Mission, Vision, Objectives of PepsiCo Mission Mission is to be the worlds premier consumer products company focused on convenient foods and beverages. PepsiCo seek to produce financial rewards to investors as they provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which they operate. And in everything do, they strive for honesty, fairness and integrity. Our Vision PepsiCos responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which they operate environment, social, economic creating a better tomorrow than today. Vision is put into action through programs and a focus on environmental stewardship, activities to benefit society, and a commitment to build shareholder value by making PepsiCo a truly sustainable company. Objectives At PepsiCo, theyre committed to achieving business and financial success while leaving a positive imprint on society delivering what they call Performance with Purpose. PepsiCo approach to superior financial performance is straightforward drive shareholder value. By addressing social and environmental issues, they also deliver on our purpose agenda, which consists of human, environmental, and talent sustainability. PepsiCos Future management objectives As a global food and beverage company with brands that stand for quality and are respected household names-Pepsi-Cola, Lays, Quaker Oats, Tropicana and Gatorade, to name a few-PepsiCo will continue to build a portfolio of enjoyable and wholesome foods and beverages; find innovative ways to reduce the use of energy, water and packaging; and provide a great workplace for our associates. The Companys operating management structure consists of five geographic groups plus the Minute Maid Company. Name of the group Country/Region The North American Group USA and Canada. The Latin America Group Central and South America The Greater Europe Group Greenland to Russias Far East. The Africa and Middle East Group Middle East and the Africa continent. The Asia Pacific Group From India through the Pacific region . Values and culture of PepsiCo PepsiCos mission is to continue to be the worlds premier consumer Products Company focused on convenient foods and beverages. They endeavor to produce financial rewards to investors while providing opportunities for growth and enrichment to their employees, their business partners and the communities in which they operate. In everything the company does, they strive for honesty, fairness and integrity. PepsiCos mission for 2008 was Performance with Purpose which the CEO of PepsiCo Indra K. Nooyi elaborates on when she says this mission combines the two things that define what we do-growing the business, and acting as ethical and responsible citizens of the world The companys values philosophy are centered on being a socially and environmentally responsible company. Therefore every policy it formulates and decision it makes is based on the following guiding principles: * Care for customers, consumers and the world they live in. * Sell only products that they can be proud of.  · Speak with truth and candor. * Balance short term and long term. * Win with diversity and inclusion. * Respect others and succeed together. Evaluation of a strategy plan The introduction stages starts when products lunched in this period sales will be very slow, must of the organization faced negative profit and high cost. There are some stages where organization has to face high risk in innovation of new product. When the coca-cola company launched power the stages are: where high risk product development stage Introduction stage Growth stage After passing these stages product will be in maturity stage where organization make more profit and try to stay in this stage after this stage is decline stage which is also risk and here need to some force/change to stay in maturity stage. (Conley, 1993, April) The action plan, basically developing a very detailed list of to do thing where PepsiCo included task, time and budget or cost framework with relating marketing mix the coca-cola company in estimate the budget and talks in marketing about activities. Implementation of strategy plan Step One: Goal Setting This first step is a bit obvious. PepsiCo have a goal in mind. And PepsiCo see at earlier Coca cola made its goal at early of the year. Step Two: Research Start talking about goal and research what it will take to fulfill it. Step Three: Weigh Options Theres almost never just one way to do something. PepsiCo depend RD in here. Step Four: Direction Now that PepsiCo have a goal, knowledge of that goal, and options towards obtaining it, theyre now ready to decide the best course of action. Step Five: Begin Analysis Current situation Goals Target Customer Key Services Communication Strategy Evaluation Has this type of communications activity taken place before? If so, what was the result? Are PepsiCo seeking to provide new information? PepsiCo target the Customer with the market segmentation. Motivate the customer Fit with the resources PepsiCo already have. can learn how plan worked with various Customer, What are your major communications opportunities? Are PepsiCo calling the audience to action? PepsiCo focus on the Customer Keep in mind that consumer PepsiCos best assets. are the most effective communications vehicles to reach target Customer which activities had the most impact Define your communications challenge Are PepsiCo seeking to change behavior? PepsiCo develop strategy to implement this quickly. What are the Customer knowledge regarding PepsiCo. Helps to achieve goals and deliver the outcomes you wan which parts of the plan failed Many people fail at this step. It can be relatively easy to make a plan up to this point. But, heres where its time to put in the work. Step Six: Adapting The most successful people in the world are those that can adapt to current situations. Sometimes opportunities will open up and youll need to revise your plan to take advantage of them. Communications plan in a tabular format to support the roll out of the plan Monitoring and Evaluation system of PepsiCo Scenario Planning: Scenarios are realistic descriptions of the organizations possible futures that allow the scenario team to set aside its individual and organizational assumptions about how the external environment will operate and explore new ones PepsiCo is constantly aware of the link between its strategy and the changing future, thus, itself for the ifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦then probable future. This is exemplified it its mission statement, thus: Benchmarking is the comparison of performance in one organization or part of an organization against that in another, with a view to finding ways of improving performance. This avails the company the opportunity to take corrective measures actions. Experience to Strategy Plan A business strategist can be regarded as the leader of an expedition to find the highest elevations on a companys fitness landscape. Fog prevents the hikers from seeing more than a few feet in front of themselves. What can be done when things look so hazy? Biologists have identified key rules that evolution uses to find high peaks. Managers too can use them. The first rule is that evolutionary searches never stop. No matter how successful a strategy is at a given moment, a business must experiment constantly to find something better. Another key principle is parallelism. The entire expedition should not explore the same region. Instead, many search parties should spread out from the base camp to explore the shifting terrain and bring back news of discoveries. (Cook, 1988) Effective strategy formulation is about Building collective intuition Encouraging healthy conflict Maintaining a pace so that decisions are taken within a stipulated time Defusing political behavior. Conclusion This strategic plan articulates for the PepsiCo community and for our constituents an understanding of who we are, what we do, and the values by which we define ourselves. It articulates as well our ambitious aspiration, five key goals we believe we must meet in order to achieve that aspiration, and an assessment of where the PepsiCo stands today as we rededicate ourselves to these shared objectives. The plan does not reflect everything that the PepsiCo hopes to do over the next five years; nor does it represent an irrevocably fixed set of directives, since the planning process must be dynamic and adaptable. It will, however, serve-at the PepsiCo level and also at the collegiate, departmental, and unit levels, where so many of the important decisions of the PepsiCo are made-as the framework according to which we will make difficult decisions, focus our resources, and thereby advance the PepsiCos distinction as a leader in higher education. Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any license, franchise, permit, certificate, approval or other similar authorization affecting, or relating in any way to, the assets or business of the Company and its Subsidiaries or (d) result in the creation or imposition of any Lien on any asset of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, with only such exceptions, in the case of each of clauses (b) through (d), as would not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect on the Company or prevent or materially impede, interfere with, hinder or delay the consummation of the Merger

Types of Assessment and Evaluation

Types of Assessment and Evaluation Assessment and evaluation has become critical issues especially in the field of teaching and learning; it requires watchful consideration by every teaching practitioner in any educational institution. This is also the area where many teachers sink into the pool of confusion. But it has its key function, which is to collect information on the achievement of every individual student and judge their everyday progress. In other words, it serve vital role in the process of effective teaching and learning. Therefore, this essay will explain my understanding of assessment and evaluation from the perspectives of development, formal, informal, special needs, and standards in brief. However, to do this, we first need to define assessment and evaluation. The word assessment is derived from the Latin word assidere meaning to sit beside. It is obvious that simple tone of this phrase is soothing, and it suggests mutual confidence and understanding. So, it indirectly tells that existence of positive association between assessment and the process of teaching and learning in schools is necessary. By and large, assessment is a process of collecting information relative to some identified aims and objectives involved with students progress and achievement in the process of teaching and learning. More specifically, classroom assessment refers to the process of gathering, recording, interpreting, using and communicating information about their progress and achievement during the development of knowledge, concepts, skills and attitudes. According to Lloyd-Jones and Bray (1986) assessment is referred to the process in which certain quality of a students education is measured, by the teacher, an examiner or the student.   It is means to measure worthiness of students performance.   Assessment, therefore, involves much more than testing. It is an ongoing process that encompasses many formal and informal activities intended to examine and improve teaching and learning in all areas of the curriculum. On the other hand, evaluation  is more or less defined as the process of judging relative merit, value, or worthiness of educational programs, or techniques by using realistic information generated through assessment. It helps in updating the nature and degree of learning; plays pivotal role in curricular decision making; and it favour better links between learning, and the aims and objectives of teaching. Moreover, it creates strong bond between learning and the environments in which learning takes place. Therefore, in educational setting, assessment and evaluation seeks evidence that the learning activities designed for students are effective. Assessment and Evaluation from the perspective of development Why do we assess and evaluate? This is the first question that knocks in my mind whenever I look assessment and evaluation from an angle of development. Generally, teachers plays vital role in developmental assessment and evaluation of students learning and programs for many reasons: Firstly, assessment and evaluation help teachers and student affair administrators to enhance their understanding of the needs of a persistently varying student population. In addition, it will help in identifying developmental delays in students and to develop strategies for intervention. For that, I would prefer to use the concept of integrated model of child development. It is because the model covers up all developmental areas such as sensory, behavioural, language, motor, perceptual, social cognitive and emotional skills. So it can also be used to improve holistic development of students as a student, self, and valuable citizen of the nation as it reflects their personality as well as their degree of achievement in the field of learning. Secondly, assessment is also meant to develop efficient educational institutional plans and policies to meet students developmental needs and learning styles. They are crucial for advancing the quality and easy accessibility of programs and services. Thirdly, we cannot avoid its greatest contribution in curriculum development. Through assessment and evaluation, we will be able to help curriculum developers for deciding how we might improve courses and programmes. At the same time, as a teacher we can contribute in doing revision on curriculum, course materials, teaching methodologies, etc. It is because assessment results can specially provide a potent rational for securing scaffold for curriculum changes, development and review. Formal and Informal Assessment and Evaluation A formal assessment is also sometimes known as summative assessment. And it is generally assessed in the form of quiz, test, or paper and is graded based on how well student is able to perform. A summative assessment is normally carried out at the end of unit or module. Furthermore, formal assessments are categorized into criterion-referenced tests and norm-referenced tests. Criterion-referencing is assessment based on certain criterion or principle, and norm-referencing is graded assessment based on the comparisons of learners achievement against one another from time to time. I prefer more of criterion referencing method than norm-referencing because it can be used to judge students achievement and progress on a series of key criteria set based on reasonably expected learning outcomes and objectives. Whereas, norm-referencing is based on the hypothesis, that a more or less similar range of human performance can be anticipated for any student group. On the other hand, Informal assessment is referred as formative test, and it is a continuous process of assessment and evaluation. Feedback plays vital role here as it allows both learners and teachers to evaluate learning and spot out the areas for improvement. But which one could be the best form of assessment, formal or informal? In my opinion, the use of informal assessments is best for the overall learning. It facilitate teachers to assess students through a range of classroom-based activities, identify students weakness then and there and start work for the improvement, rather than waiting at the last minute like informal assessment. Assessment and Evaluation for special needs students Students having problems such as: motor, linguistic, cognitive, behavioural, organizational, speech and physical disabilities are usually referred as special needs students, and it also includes gifted students. They should not be left out without normal education. Special arrangements or special needs accommodations should be offered to them in order to pursue their academic goals and achieve a higher level of personal self-sufficiency. Similarly they also need to be evaluated and identified their strengths, weaknesses and give guiding principles to make effective progress in attaining their academic goals. Other than teachers and peers, students family should involve in it. So, I feel that, by building an alliance with their parents; obtaining students developmental history and current family experience; and discussing issues with them would help greatly for addressing challenges in guiding special needs students to succeed like other normal students. Moreover, evaluation will be holistic and addresses all aspects of functioning. For that we should not forget to take students individual learning styles into account as all students do not have same learning capability and ways. Sometimes students with special needs are integrated in regular classrooms because the main idea of assessment and evaluation in this field itself is to see whether a student is able to adapt, make progress and met objectives in normal class like normal students. Assessment indicates whether the student learned the materials intended and what are some of the drawbacks areas to be improved. So schools and teacher must give all students an equal opportunity to education. Infect, they should provide counteractive assistance to special needs students. Never the less, we as a teacher, in order to select education program and activities suitable for our students, we must carefully evaluate our options and consider the specific needs of our disabled students. Standards based Assessment and Evaluation Here, it includes two types of educational standards, a content standard and a performance standard. A content standard defines the knowledge, concepts, and skills acquire at each grade level, while performance standard state the level of performance that is considered acceptable aligning to the benchmark set by the teachers. Standards-based assessment and evaluation is meant to identify students with different pace and capabilities in learning, so that we can design strategies to help them and make all of them achieve and master to the level that they are required to retain certain benchmark in learning. Understanding Standardized Test and its characteristics is necessary when we discuss about assessment and evaluation from the perspective of standard as it is one of the instrument required in standard assessment and evaluation process. Range of knowledge and understanding in specific subject is being assessed through standardized testing on students. And it is a snapshot in time where assessments are administered and scored in the same way for all students. For example, multiple-choice questions and written responses to be answered within a given time frame are examples of standard test. That means students are not allowed to use outer resources or references in order to complete the test. Their performance on these tests decides whether they will be promoted or not from one grade to the next. And this is what almost every school district now administers it. However, it is important for us not to get confused of Standardized tests with the standards movement, which approve definite grade-level content and performance standards in main subject sphere. Frequently, regulated uniform tests are not associated with state and district content standards, and these causes noticeably lose of connection between what is being taught and what is being tested. So as a teacher we have to process our teaching according to the curriculum. The standard evaluation will enable other school improvement plan and projects, and to bring advance changes in curriculum and pedagogy, and incorporation of new assessments. So standardized assessment and evaluation is uniformly regulated test which it refers to when every student at a particular grade level has to undergo the same test with same question, at same time frame in same year throughout the country. In the nutshell, we would find that the descriptions given in above paragraphs are all views from different perspectives constructed by hypothesizing the both special needs students and normal student as an active in structuring their own learning in the context of social interaction; role of educational institutions and teachers in establishing the childs stage of development in any aspect of learning, and that information collected through various assessment and evaluation methods will then be used to scaffold the next learning and curriculum development.

The Unconstitutionality of Capital Punishment Essay -- Argumentative P

The Unconstitutionality of Capital Punishment Capital punishment is one of the most popularly debated topics in the nation today. Since colonial times, more than 13,000 people have been legally executed. A large percentage of these executions occurred during the early 1900's. In the 1930's, as many as 150 people were being legally executed every year. However, the number of executions started to decrease as public outrage became apparent. In 1996, thirty-seven states, including New Jersey, legalized the death penalty. Of the other thirteen states, Michigan abolished the death penalty in 1847, Minnesota in 1853, and Alaska and Hawaii never had the death penalty. Today, there are over 2,000 people on "death row." Almost all are very poor, and a significant number of them are mentally retarded or disabled (ACLU 1). The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) dictates that, "In all circumstances, the death penalty is unconstitutional under the Eight Amendment, and that its discriminatory application violates the Fourteenth Amendment" (1), and therefore, capital punishment violates the Constitution. Capital punishment should be illegal throughout the nation for many reasons. Capital punishment has many supporters. One of the major arguments that these supporters express is that the death penalty serves as a deterrent to crime. They argue that if the death penalty is legalized and practiced, it will discourage others from committing a crime. However, by comparing the data of the states with the death penalty and the states without the death penalty, one can easily see that the death penalty has no effect in deterring crime. According to the National Research Council in 1976, "the available studies provide no useful evidence on th... ...deterrence, it is incapacitation(Kaminer) C. Human judgment is not infallible 1. The risk of executing the innocent is too high. 2. The death penalty is final-no way to reverse. 3. Death Penalty and Sentencing Information study. D. Unconstitutionality 1. Violates the Eighth Amendment-"prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment(Litardo). 2. Violates the Fourteenth Amendment-"guarantees of equal protection of the laws and due process"(Litardo). E. Discrimination 1. Gender discrimination(Bedau). 2. Racial discrimination(Bedau). 3. Socio-economic level discrimination(Bedau). III. Conclusion A. Capital punishment is not an effective way of approaching the crime problem. 1. Capital punishment has many different difficulties as an attempt to decrease and prevent crime 2. Capital punishment should be illegal throughout the nation.

Essay --

â€Å"Trust is only a five letter word but it can be misused in so many ways.† I am glad to be here today with you in what will impact many lives of teenagers and their families. What I’m explaining about is sexual abuse in teenagers. Nearly 1.5 million high schools students nationwide experience physical abuse from a dating partner in a single year. Let’s stop abuse! How can America change? How well these changes improve lives of teenagers? Sexual Abuse is pressuring a human into a sexual activity. Ages between sixteen and twenty-four are most likely to get abuse. These teens who gets sexual abuse is from their former or current relationship. When someone is abuse they are too scared to tell anyone. About 46 % of rapes and sexual assaults are reported to the police.When girls are raped they are taking immediately to medical assistance, but some girls are not taking to see medical assistance because they are scared to take tests like pregnancy test and to find any sexually transmitted diseases. But when a boy or girl don’t go to ER right away is because they don’t want to tell but if yo...

Hpv And Oral Cancer Health And Social Care Essay

One individual dies from unwritten malignant neoplastic disease every hr of every twenty-four hours. Oral malignant neoplastic disease is the 5th most common malignant neoplastic disease in the universe with over 450,000 instances diagnosed worldwide and over 210,000 deceases happening yearly. ( Peter KC Goon1, 2009 ) In the yesteryear, the largest causes of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases were smoking, smokeless baccy, and intoxicant. With the addition in smoking instruction and a decrease in the figure of people who smoke, certain caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases, such as voice box malignant neoplastic diseases, have decreased. However, there has been no decrease in the incidence of caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases overall. In fact, tumours in the unwritten pit, chiefly the lingua and tonsils, have risen among immature work forces and adult females at a rate of around 3 % yearly. Those rates jumped to 11 % each of the last two old ages, the bulk of which is male. At this rate of growing, the figure of people diagnosed with unwritten malignant neoplastic disease will transcend the figure of instances of cervical malignant neoplastic disease diagnosed yearly in the following decennary. ( Jimeno, 2010 ) What is surprising is that the cause of the addition in unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases is due to the virus that cause cervical malignant neoplastic disease and until late was considered a adult female ‘s disease. Fortunately, many of these new instances of unwritten malignant neoplastic disease can be avoided with compulsory and cosmopolitan vaccinums that have already been approved by the FDA, with early sensing, through public outreach plans, and most significantly, by speaking with our kids about sex The virus driving this upseting tendency in unwritten malignant neoplastic disease is the Human Papillomavirus or HPV. HPV is the most common sexually familial infection in the United States ( The Ohio State University, 2010 ) . There are approximately 100 different strains of HPV, with 60 % of them doing common warts and 40 % that are mucosal. HPV16 and 18 are both mucosal, and are deemed high hazard in the development of cancerous lesions, and are responsible for 95 % of all cervical malignant neoplastic diseases. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization, HPV is responsible for over 500,000 new instances of cervical malignant neoplastic disease each twelvemonth and claims over 250,000 lives worldwide. It is estimated that HPV is present in three quarters of all adult females by the clip they are 50 ( National Conference of State Legislatures, 2010 ) . It takes about two old ages for a organic structure to acquire rid of the HPV virus and most people have no sick effects or symptoms of the virus, while others will develop malignant neoplastic disease. Recent surveies reveal that over 80 % of the tumours found in freshly diagnosed oropharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease patients are due to HPV16 and all are squamous cell carcinomas. This extremely aggressive strain of the virus is now the taking cause of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases, exceling malignant neoplastic diseases caused by baccy and intoxicant combined. ( Swanson, 2010 ) These freshly diagnosed instances of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases caused by the HPV virus are chiefly happening in the base of the lingua, which is the portion that starts at the dorsum of the pharynx and continues toward the gorge, and in the tonsils. Surveies have proven that HPV16 ‘s primary agencies of transmittal is through unwritten venereal sex, although current research is concentrating on other agencies of transmittal, including caressing and sharing drinks. Once a individual has been exposed to the virus, it can take between 20 and 30 old ages for the development of HPV related unwritten malignant neoplastic disease ( Chustecka, 2010 ) . One oncologist has said that there â€Å" is an epidemic, about a pandemic, of unknown proportion†¦ , † in respects to the figure of new patients that he is now handling with caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases caused by HPV. The demographic for caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease patients has changed over recent old ages every bit good. Prior to 2003, the bulk of these types of malignant neoplastic diseases were found in older work forces in their 60s and 70 ‘s that have a long history of smoke and imbibing intoxicant. However, these traditional hazard factors no longer use. These yearss, the archetypal patient most at hazard are Caucasic work forces and adult females in their 40s and 50s, many which have ne'er smoked coffin nails or drank intoxicant merely on rare occasions. They do nevertheless hold other high hazard factors derived from sexual patterns, chiefly a high figure of sexual spouses, or a history of unwritten genital or unwritten anal sex. To understand this recent epidemic, past sexual behaviours have to be analyzed. During the late sixties and 70s, a sexual revolution of kinds occurred. It was a clip of sexual promiscuousness and rebellion against the norms of society. Monogamy represented repression. Sexual activity with many different spouses no longer held stigmata and unwritten sex became more widely practiced. Surveies show that since the 1960s, more than 80 % of the population now engages in unwritten sex. In comparing, merely 30 % of people born prior to 1950 hold engaged in unwritten sex. ( Manier, 2008 ) With the debut of AIDS in the late 80 ‘s, sexual attitudes began to alter. Education attempts doubled and parents began once more learning their kids about abstention and â€Å" safe sex. † In the 90s, under the instructions of Bill Clinton, unwritten sex was no longer considered sex. Oral sex rates skyrocketed because it had become much more acceptable to teens and to society as a much less hazardous option. However, the hazard factor for undertaking unwritten HPV grows in direct proportion to the figure of unwritten sex spouse a individual has. If a individual has more than five but less than 25 unwritten sex spouses in a life-time, there is a 250 % addition in the opportunities of developing unwritten malignant neoplastic disease. That rate rises to 750 % if a individual has over 25 unwritten sex spouses in a life-time ( Newswire, 2010 ) . For old ages, physicians have advocated one-year Pap vilification for adult females in hopes of cut downing the figure of patients that develop cervical malignant neoplastic disease caused by the HPV virus, by catching it in its pre-cancerous phase. Unfortunately, there are no trials available for work forces. Research attempts are under manner to develop new tools for usage by tooth doctors for early sensing of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases. Thymine he job with some of these trials is the tumours are chiefly happening in countries non viewable by the bare oculus, in the tonsils and in the base of the lingua. Oral rinses would besides be uneffective for those same grounds. In 2007, the FDA approved a vaccinum, Gardisil, which would protect against both the virus that causes venereal warts and against the strain responsible for cervical malignant neoplastic disease. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, ( ACIP ) recommends Gardisil for misss ages 9 to 26 in hopes of diminishing the figure of instances of cervical malignant neoplastic diseases diagnosed each twelvemonth. The FDA besides approved this same vaccinum for usage in male childs every bit good. In October 2009, the ACIP heard grounds sing the efficaciousness of the vaccinum in males every bit good as the costs associated with adding males to an all female vaccinum. The information presented to the Immunization Work Group was uncomplete because the informations sing HPV and its relation to unwritten malignant neoplastic disease, anal malignant neoplastic disease and penial malignant neoplastic disease was non included. The information presented to the work group contained statistics through 2003 and hence out-of-date, as the figure of caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases has increased over 30 % since that clip. After much argument, the work group approved a declaration to add the vaccinum as a permissive vaccinum for males aged nine to 16 for the intervention of venereal warts, alternatively of a recommended vaccinum to protect against both strains ( Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2009 ) . Under a permissive recommendation, a supplier is non required to offer the vaccinum to his patients but must immunize if the parent or kid petitions the vaccinum. In add-on, private insurance will non cover the cost of the vaccinum and immunisation plans will non advance the recommendation ( Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2009 ) . The determination to do the vaccinum permissive in males, alternatively of recommended, was based on the cost per quality adjusted life twelvemonth. To be cost effectual, a vaccinum should be less than $ 50,000 per QAL. The theoretical accounts presented to the IACP reflected a QAL over $ 100,000. These figures are non accurate because the theoretical accounts have uncomplete informations. For case, the theoretical accounts did non include all malignant neoplastic diseases that can be treated with the HPV vaccinum, merely on the strains that cause venereal warts. In add-on, the theoretical accounts were based on high inoculation rates of over 75 % in misss. Presently the inoculation rate is around 30 % . The consensus of many in the medical community is that high inoculation rates in eligible misss will contradict the demand to immunize male childs. This goes against grounds turn outing work forces and adult females have similar prevalence of the disease, and work forces have a higher acquisition rate of the virus ( Silverman, 2010 ) . Even though, with the current rate of inoculation being so low, it would do sense to urge the inoculation universally for both sexes. A cost analysis theoretical account that included the informations through 2002 but adjusted the malignant neoplastic disease rates to include all HPV malignant neoplastic diseases the vaccinum would protect against, places the QAL around $ 24,000. With the significant addition in the figure of instances in recent old ages, that sum is now even less. Either manner, the QAL falls good under the gilded criterion needed for inclusion into a national inoculation plan and would do better usage of the resources available. There has been much research by top universities and oncologists go forthing small room for argument on the correlativity of HPV and unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases in work forces, every bit good as anal and penial malignant neoplastic diseases. Despite all of the information that has been, made populace since 1998 when the nexus was foremost discovered, the Centers for Disease Control has yet to acknowledge HPV as a beginning taking to unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases. Public consciousness runs have started in little bunchs in the United States, but they are missing when it comes to acquiring the word out. Because of this, caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases are non caught in their early phases but instead in their late phases, and this histories for the really high decease rate of about 45 % at five old ages from diagnosing, and high intervention related morbidity in subsisters. Finding these malignant neoplastic diseases in an early phase greatly improves the opportunities of endurance. Ironically, caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases caused by HPV have a much higher rate of success than non-HPV malignant neoplastic diseases. Much of the medical community, like the populace, is non cognizant of the correlativity of unwritten sex, HPV16, and caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease. Therefore, life salvaging showings are under utilised and inoculation recommendations are ignored. Despite the addition in Numberss, there is small to no public consciousness of the association between HPV and unwritten malignant neoplastic disease. In a recent European broad survey, 75 % of the respondents were unfamiliar with the term caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease while 81 % of work forces in the US were unfamiliar with HPV ( Paul L Reiter, 2009 ) . There are enterprises in topographic point to assist increase cognition about caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases. The sawbones general ‘s one-year study in 2010 focused merely on unwritten wellness this past twelvemonth, a first for this type of study. Testing protocols for tumours are in topographic point. The word is get downing to distribute but its slow traveling. Celebrities who have suffered caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease, such as Roger Ebert, are talking out about their ordeal, which can help in public consciousness, since famous person patients garner more attending than regular patients do. Screening devices are easy being developed that will help in placing these types of malignant neoplastic diseases early on. However, the biggest obstruction in cut downing the Numberss is still instruction. Our medical community must be made cognizant of the HPV connexion. In fact, the ADA merely released guidelines sing testing for caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases but recommends tooth doctors to pay close attending to their patients with a history of smoke or imbibing, and no reference of HPV. Medical forces need to be trained on what to look for: a new ball or a sore pharynx that does non travel off, gruffness, a hurting or tintinnabulation in the ear, oral cavity hurting or white spots or sores in the oral cavity, fistula infections that do n't react to antibiotics, upper jaw hurting, nose bleeds, and trouble external respiration or swallowing. In my household, the malignant neoplastic disease had spread to the lymph nodes and the first mark was a ball located on the cervix, but this occurs after the malignant neoplastic disease has metastasized into the lymph nodes, which is considered late phases of the disease. There besides lies a great trade of conflicting information on the web, including the CDC and WHO, that minimize the effects of HPV and developing oropharyngeal or other malignant neoplastic diseases. The disease is non acquiring the regard it deserves. We must besides educate through unfastened treatment with our kids, that unwritten sex is non safe sex if we hope to halt this epidemic. Sexual activity instruction has to include the dangers of multiple unwritten sex spouses and the high rates of transmittal of the virus. A 2007 study of undergraduate college pupils found that most immature grownups agree penile-vaginal intercourse is sex, but less than one in five think that oral-genital contact counts as â€Å" holding sex, † ( Stacy, April ) . Mouth rubbers or dikes are available and should be handed out like regular rubbers with instructions as to how to utilize them. Adults must besides be educated about the dangers of HPV and about showings for early sensing. The stigmata that this is merely a adult female ‘s disease or a disease found chiefly in the homosexual community must be erased. One of the ways to assist is to talk out to friends and household and portion the information. This deathly slayer must non be kept soundless any longer. One individual dies every hr from caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease. Our voices can go our arm in distributing consciousness. We must educate our kids and other friends and household about the dangers of HPV. Vaccines could be really good but the IACP must be supplied with current information so that current recommendations for the HPV vaccinum can be reviewed. If the current vaccinum is given before exposure to the virus, a big figure of HPV-positive instances of oropharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease can be prevented. Last, early sensing testing systems must be developed that can observe this unobserved malignant neoplastic diseases before it is excessively late.

Operations Research Essay

Operations are directly affected by changes in the factors of production and by other circumstantial changes which directly affect the costs of these factors. One of these changes is the demand changes that occur within the market. Operations are directly affected by production since the level of production coincides with the supply and demand levels of market. Demand has a direct effect in this case since a lower rate of demand necessarily means that production has to be reduced in response to the decreasing demand and thus operations are affected as well. Another factor to consider is the implementation of new pollution control laws which drives up the costs of production and operating expenses due to the taxes that may be imposed and compliance regulations that will be enforced. Carbon trading, which is an example of a pollution control law, requires industries to purchase carbon credits which in the end affect the price of the goods and operating expenses. Other items such as the fluctuation in the value of the dollar and price changes are also critical because they determine the end cost of not only the factor inputs required for operations and by doing so affect the expenditures of companies but also determine the willingness of the market to consume the item or service that is being sold. A stronger dollar for example will mean that exports are affected because it will necessarily drive up the cost of a commodity vis-a-vis the exchange rate. Price changes are also important to consider because they affect the willingness of the customer to purchase a certain commodity and principles such as substitution and competition now take effect.